Meds/terms Module 6

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urea

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the final product of protein metabolism and the major nitrogenous waste product in urine

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albumino/o

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albumin

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-ation

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process

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-esis

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action, process, or result of

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glycos/o

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sugar

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olig/o

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few, scanty

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ur/o

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urine or urinary tract

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urin/o

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urine

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-uria

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urine or urination

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cyst/o

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bladder (sometimes cyst or sac)

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glomerul/o

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glomerulus (filtering structure of the kidney)

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neph/o, ren/o

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kidney

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pyel/o

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renal pelvis (reservoir in the kidney that collects the urine)

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ureter/o

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ureter

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urethr/o

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urethra

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proxim/o

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near

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dist/o

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far

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nephrons

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the functional unit of the kidney; resembles a microscopic funnel with a long stem and tubular sections called the tubules

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inter-

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between

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peri-

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around

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urinalysis

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several urine tests that are used to evaluate the status of the urinary system; includes physical, chemical, and microscopic examinations performed in a clinical laboratory

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glycosuria

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presence of sugar in the urine

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proteinuria

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presence of protein in the urine

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hematuria

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the presence of blood in the urine

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albuminuria

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sometimes used instead of proteinuria when there is a very high concentration of albumin, one type of protein, in the urine

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pyuria

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the presence of pus in the urine

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py/o

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pus

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ketonuria

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the presence of ketones in the urine

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stenosis

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constriction or narrowing

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nephrolithiasis

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a condition marked by the presence of kidney stones

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nephritis

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also called Bright disease, is inflammation of the kidney

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cystoscopy

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examination of the urinary bladder

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cystitis

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inflammation of the bladder

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dysuria

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difficult or painful urination and can be caused by a bacterial infection or a urinary tract obstruction

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polyuria

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excretion of an abnormally large quantity of urine

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diuresis

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another term for polyuria and means excretion of an abnormally large quantity of urine and can be brought about by excessive intake of fluids, the use of medications, or disease

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anuria

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absence of urination; urine output of less than 100 mL per day

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olguria

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diminished capacity of form urine, excreting less than 500 mL of urine per day

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uremia

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a toxic condition associated with renal insufficiency or renal failure; urea in the blood

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nephrosis

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condition in which there are degenerative changes in the kidneys but no inflammation

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nephrotoxic

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destructive to kidney tissue

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renal failure

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failure of the kidney to perform its essential functions

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-cele

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hernia

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renal insufficiency

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reduced ability of the kidney to perform its functions

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urinary incontinence

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inability to hold urine in the bladder

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urinary retention

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inability to empty the bladder

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urinary tract infection (UTI)

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an infection of the urinary tract

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hemodialysis

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kidney dialysis; required if the kidneys fail to remove waste products from the blood; the process of diffusing blood through a membrane to remove toxic materials and maintain proper chemical balance

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peritoneal dialysis

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an alternative to hemodialysis; the peritoneum is the membrane that covers the large internal organs of the abdominal cavity and lines the cavity; the dialyzing solution is introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity

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cutane/o

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skin

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-stomy

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formation of an opening

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diuretic

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increasing urination or an agent that causes increased urination

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nephrectomy

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surgical removal of the donated kidney

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bilateral

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having or relating to two sides; affecting both sides

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proximal

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situated nearer to the center of the body

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distal

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situated away from the center of the body

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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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A relatively small (peptide) molecule that is released by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain after being made nearby (in the hypothalamus). ADH has an antidiuretic action that prevents the production of dilute urine (and so is antidiuretic)

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integument

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the skin; external covering of the body

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epidermis and dermis

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the two main parts of the skin

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subcutaneous adipose tissue

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layer located under the dermis; composed of fat that serves as insulation and a cushion against shock

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scler/o

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hard

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seb/o

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sebum

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pil/o

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hair

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adip/o, lip/o

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fat

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axill/o

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axilla (armpit)

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bacter/i, bacteri/o

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bacteria

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cutane/o, derm/a, derm/o, dermat/o

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skin

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erythemat/o

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erythema or redness

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follicul/o

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follicle

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ichthy/o

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fish

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kerat/o

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horny tissue (tissue containing keratin)

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onych/o, ungu/o

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nail

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pil/o, trich/o

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hair

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seb/o

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sebum

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seps/o

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infection

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sept/o

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infection or septum

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xer/o

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dry

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-cidal

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killing

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-derm

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skin or a germ layer

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-static

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keeping stationary

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lesion

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an visible, localized abnormality of the skin, such as a wound, rash, or sore

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seborrheic keratosis

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benign skin lesions that are often seen in older persons

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-rrhea

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flow or discharge

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nodule

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cause a raised area of the overlying skin

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cyst

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filled with fluid or a semisolid material

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macules

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freckles that are small and nonraised

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papules

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moles; small elevated lesion

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plaque

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dandruff; elevated and appears as a large patch

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vesicles

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blister less than 1cm, filled with a clear fluid

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bullae

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blister, larger than 1 cm

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pustules

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fluid-filled sac containing cloudy fluid or pus

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wheals

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often seen in an allergic skin eruption; elevated and irregularly shaped lesions

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atrophy

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stretch marks; characterized by thinning with the loss of skin markings; wasting of the epidermis; skin appears thin and transparent

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ulcers

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deep, irregular erosions that extend into the dermis

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fissures

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deep linear splits through the epidermis into the dermis

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scales

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dried fragments of sloughed epidermis that are whitish and irregular in size and shape

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keloid

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excessive overgrowth of unsightly scar tissue

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laceration

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a torn, jagged wound

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incision

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a smooth-edged wound produced by a sharp instrument

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aseptic

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free of pathogenic organisms

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abrasion

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results when skin is scraped or rubbed away by friction

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contusion

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bruise; caused by a blow or the body that does not break the skin

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abscess

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cavity that contains pus caused by an infectious microorganism and surrounded by inflamed tissue

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cellulitis

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acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue characterized most often by local heat, redness, pain, and swelling

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contact dermatitis

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skin rash resulting from exposure to an irritant or to a sensitizing agent that initiates an allergic response, such as poison ivy and allergic reaction to nickel in jewelry

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cyanosis

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bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes

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furuncle

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localized skin infection originating in a gland or hair follicle and characterized by pain, redness, or swelling. also called a boil

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hypopigmentation

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decreased tissue pigmentation, but not complete absence of skin color as in albinism

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lipoma

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benign tumor consisting of mature fat cells

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malignant melanoma

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any of a group of malignant tumors that originate in the skin and that are composed of melanocytes; excessive sun exposure increases the risk

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necrosis

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death of areas of damaged or diseased tissue or bone surrounded by healthy tissue

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pediculosis

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infestation by lice and named for a genus of sucking lice, Pediculus. There are head lice, body lice, and pubic lice

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petechiae

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tiny, purple or red spots appearing on the skin as a result of tiny hemorrhages within dermal or submucosal layers

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psoriasis

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common chronic skin disorder characterized by circumscribed red patches covered by thick, dry, silvery scales

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scabies

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contagious dermatitis caused by itch mite that is transmitted by close contact

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scleroderma

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chronic hardening and thickening of the skin

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urticaria

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skin eruption characterized by wheals of varying shapes and sizes with well-defined margins and pale centers. its causes include drugs, foods, and insect bites. also called hives

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onychomycosis

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fungal condition of the nails

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seborrheic dermatitis

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inflammatory condition of the skin that begins with the scalp but may involve other areas, particularly the eyebrows; commonly called dandruff

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topical medications

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drugs placed directly on the skin

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bacteriostatic

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inhibiting the growth of bacteria

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bactericidal

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killing bacteria

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sepsis

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infection or contamination

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transdermal

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method of applying a drug to unbroken skin

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antimicrobial

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medicine applied to broken skin to prevent infection

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aspiration

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the act of withdrawing fluid from a cyst with a syringe

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biopsy

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removal of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination to confirm or establish a diagnosis; abbreviated Bx or bx