Toft Test 1 - Medieval Music History

Front 1

How is music like language?

Back 1

Meaning is:

- revealed over time

- conveyed through grammar

Front 2

What did Quintilian (Rome) describe?

Back 2

How children should learn how to speak (this was before notated music). Described pauses, sentences, pitch, modulation, and speed.

Front 3

What did Fabio Orsini (Italy) describe?

Back 3

Related speaking and singing listening to a young boy singer

Front 4

What are grammatical pauses?

Back 4

Written punctuation (comma, semicolon, colon, period)

Front 5

What are rhetorical pauses?

Back 5

Unwritten pauses

* insert a **** ton of grammar rules *

Front 6

What is Gamut?

Back 6

Musical space - the compass of music in Medieval times

Front 7

What are Hexachords? They're not chords obviously because why would Toft make it easy

Back 7

Movable 6-syllable do (ut):

》 Ut re mi fa sol la 《

Front 8

What is Mutation?

Back 8

The changing/overlapping of one hexachord to another (in order to sing a melody that is more than 6 syllables)

Front 9

What is the ambitus?

Back 9

The range of a mode

Front 10

What are the four finalis and their corresponding modes?

Back 10

- Dorian D

- Phrygian E

- Lydian F

- Mixolydian G

Front 11

What is the difference between an authentic and plagal mode?

Back 11

Authentic: range of the mode is the final (Dorian, etc.)

Plagal: range is 4th below to 5th above (Hypo_______)

Front 12

What are the repercussio, principal cadences, and secondary cadence for Dorian AND its plagal form?

Back 12

Dorian - D

- repercussio D, A

- p. cadences D, A s. cadence F

Hypodorian - A

- repercussio D, F

- p. cadences D, A s. cadence F

Front 13

What are the repercussio, principal cadences, and secondary cadence for Phrygian AND its plagal form?

Back 13

Phrygian - E

- repercussio E, C

- p. cadences E, B, C s. cadence G

Hypophrygian - B

- repercussio E, A

- p. cadences E, A s. cadence G

Front 14

What are the repercussio, principal cadences, and secondary cadence for Mixolydian AND its plagal form?

Back 14

Mixolydian - G

- repercussio G, D

- p. cadences G, D s. cadence C

Hypomixolydian - D

- repercussio G, C

- p. cadences G, D, C s. cadence [/]

Front 15

Who is Hildegard von Bingen? (example: O virdissima virga)

Back 15

- Abyss composer

- Set lyrical poetry to music

- "O Virdissima Virga" (church music, text setting)

I often drift off into the abyss during Toft's lectures

Front 16

What are the three kinds of text setting in medieval music?

Back 16

- syllabic one note per syllable

- neumatic 2 or 3 notes per syllable

- melismatic many notes per syllable

Front 17

What medieval instruments sound like: a violin, out of tune violin, guitar, banjo, twangy piano, low flutey organ, regular organ, clarinet, oboe, flute, metal drums, and a boingy thing?

Back 17

Violin = FIDDLE, weird out of tune violin = rebec, guitar = citole, banjo = lute, twangy piano = psaltery, low flutey organ = portative organ, regular organ = positive organ, clarinet = cornetto, oboe = shwam, flute = transverse flute, metal drums = nakers, a boingy = mouth harp

Front 18

What instrument(s) were played in church?

Back 18

Only the instrument of our beloved Fitzy boi

Front 19

Who were the Troubadours?

Back 19

- secular poet-knight-musicians of humble background

- late 11 & 12th centuries

- creation of love poetry that is sung in the vernacular

- feudalism = stable economic conditions = pleasure

(Aka Trouvères and Minnesingers)

Front 20

D'Amour Courtois translates to _________ and is characterized by (example: Ab joi mou lo vers e.l. comens)

Back 20

"Courtly love"

- conventional style (they're all the samesies, limited range of themes & motifs)

- sincere but inadequate lover sworn to secrecy vowing his service

- true (him) and false (everyone else) characters

- distant ladies

- "It's the bachelor!" -Lucy (impossible to find the true lover)

Front 21

Describe the model for accompaniments in secular monophony with terms. (example: quena virgen)

Back 21

Arab Nuba (basically pop song structure)

- Mayalia: improvised introduction that borrows material from the tune

》burguia: free section that establishes mode & tune characteristics

》tuxia: rhythmic section

(Verses)

- Atuachi: interludes between verses with tune & independent material

Front 22

What are the three types of early organum (9th century)?

Back 22

Organized music (polyphony!)

- parallel (equal sign)

- oblique (rainbow)

- contrary (lumpy snake)

Front 23

What is the difference between the organalis and principalis (organum)?

Back 23

Principalis = original chant tune

Organalis = added voice organized around the tune

Front 24

In which direction(s) did music expand in the 11th & 12th centuries and who participated?

Back 24

- horizontally: trope - musical/textural additions (new words to melisma)

- vertically: polyphony - new melodic lines sung against chant

- a soloist élitist art for highly skilled professionals (who shared the attitude of many university professors)

Front 25

What is the difference between the duplum and tenor voices in organum?

Back 25

duplum: new voice in top part

tenor: original chant in lower voice

Front 26

What are the two subdivisions of later organum (11th & 12th century)?

Back 26

organum purum- simple chant part (no melismas, slabic), long notes in the tenor

discantus- melismatic sections, rhythmic modes in both voices, sections in this style are "clausulae"

Front 27

What is a clausula?

Back 27

A clausula is organum (polyphonic chant) with 2 or more parts that are melismatic and rhythmic. It's also called discantus style organum

Front 28

What is a substitute clausula?

Back 28

Replacement sections in the discant style (Pérotin rewrote Léonin's clausulas)

Front 29

What is Gradatio?

Back 29

- a figure of speech

- a way of constructing a melody like a ladder (the phrase building word by word with intensity, unlike Toft's soothing monotone voice)

Front 30

What were Pérotin's innovations on organum? (example: Sederunt principles)

Back 30

- substitute clausula (new sections in discant style)

- gradatio (medlody building on itself with more weight)

- expanded to tripla & quadrupla (3 & 4 voiced works)

Front 31

What is a motet and when is it first seen in history?

Back 31

- text added to the duplum

- paraphrases original chant to expand meaning of the tenor

- started in church and expanded to secular

- Late 12th century

Front 32

Describe the changes in music that occurred in the late 13th century

Back 32

- shift to secular music

- greater individualization of voices

- complexity

Front 33

What is Ars Nova? (example: le roman de fauvel)

Back 33

- "new art" in late 13th century

- new style:

》expansion of rhythmic language

》shorter values, duple time

》use of the vernacular

》isorhythm

Front 34

Define isorhythm, color, and talea

Back 34

- "one rhythm"

- technique to organize tenor voice in motets

- structure for long compositions

- structure is concealed with overlapping of:

- color: pitches

- talea: rhythm

Front 35

Who is Machaut and why is he important? Pronounce his name 4 fun :)

Back 35

- poet & composer in 14th century France

- he supervised the writing of manuscripts of his own music

- wrote some long ass music in isorhythmic motet style (we love that)

Front 36

♫ A locket, a socket, what tf is a hocket? ♫ (example: Angus dei)

Back 36

- "hiccup"

- note is left out in the melody, then that missing note shows up in another voice

Front 37

What are the three types of Formes Fixes?

Back 37

- ballade

- virelai

- rondeau

Secular polyphonic music. Music you can actually LISTEN to

Front 38

How did Italian polyphony differ from the French in the 14th and 15th centuries?

Back 38

- not into isorhythm (thank god)

- not into structural complexity

- didn't obscure musical techniques

Front 39

Here's a timeline for ya:

Back 39

Front 40

What's the difference between organum purum and discantus (clausulae)?

Back 40

Organum purum = melismatic duplum + long note tenor

Discantus = tenor now in a rhythmic mode (slightly faster)

Front 41

What's the difference between simple and composite parallel organum?

Back 41

Simple = 2 voices

Composite = 4 voices

Front 42

Road map Rondeau (French fancy secular music) for a bro:

Back 42

A B a (refrain + text line)

A (partial refrain)

a b (2 text lines)

A B (refrain)

Front 43

Describe Ars Subtilior

Back 43

- centered in Avignon (France), a center of arts & learning

- experimental and extremely complex music (even though more simple secular music was more popular at the time)

Front 44

Road map! Describe Ballata (Italy less fancy secular music) form:

Back 44

Ripresa (A), stanza x2: pedes (bo + bc) + volta (a), ripresa (A)

Front 45

Ars Nova begins in what century?

Back 45

14th century

Front 46

How does a motet (late 12th century) differ from the regular old organum from the beginning of the century?

Back 46

Text is added to the duplum

Front 47

What are the 4 general terms for the modal patterns?

Back 47

Protus, Deuterus, Tritus, Tetrardus