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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When did the Black death first come to Britan, where from and what was the cause? |
1348, the far east (china) and the cause was rat fleas that were brought by rats on a boat. |
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What was the purpose of Medieval Wound man? (illustration) |
Its everything that a surgeon could deal with, the only thing a surgeon couldnt deal with was the plague. However after being treated they would probably die of infection. |
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In Medieval times what were 3 reasons that people thought were the cause of disease? |
Poisonus Miasmus (bad smells), the God's and the four humors. |
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Who were the 3 famous doctors that were responsible for medical ideas? |
Claudius Galen (Turkey), Hippocrates of Cos (Greece) and Avicenna (Uzbekistan). |
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What are the four humors? |
Blood, Black Bile, Yellow Bile, Phelgm. |
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What did the four humors mean? |
Hippocrates came up with idea that if your four humors were out of balance, you would become ill. He wrongly said they were the cause of disease, they were the result of disease. |
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What were popular treatments for the Four Humors Theory? |
Bloodletting if someone had too much blood inside them, using blood-sucking leeches and purging to get rid of other fluids from the body using laxatives. |
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What is the Hippocratic Oath? |
An oath signed by every doctor. It was created by Hippocrates to have doctors swear that they would keep pateint records confidential and never poison anyone. |
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Who was Claudius Galen? |
Claudius Galen was a doctor in the Roman Empire. Because he was not allowed to dissect human bodies he resorted to pigs and monkeys, attempting to discover connections. He was correct in thinking the brain controlled everything but incorrect about the jaw-bone and the liver. He wrote over 350 medical books and was correct about Theory of Opposites. |
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Where were the first two medical schools? |
Montpellier (France) and Bologna (Italy). -entrance to Montpellier. |
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Why weren't people allowed to cut open organs in Medieval Times? |
Because it was believed that you needed them in the afterlife. |
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How many privvys (outdoor toilets) were there in London in the 14th century and where were they? |
13, some on the bridge running across the River Thames and others at the bottom of streets. |
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What year did King Edward III order the Lord Mayor to clean up the streets of London? |
1349, however not much was done. |
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How many percent of London were killed because of the Black Death? |
Over 30%. |
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What were the two types of Plague? |
The bubonic and the pnuemonic plague. |
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What was the bubonic plague? |
Painful swelling (buboes) that appeared in the armpits & groin, high fever, headaches, eventually became unconscious and died days later, this was the plague spread by fleas. |
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What was the pnuemonic plague? |
This attacked peoples lungs; they would start coughing up blood and die very quickly. This was spread by coughing and breathing germs onto each other. |
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What did people think were the causes of the Black Death? |
The planets and their positions, poisonus miasmus, the bodies humors were out of balance or invisible spirits in the air. |
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What did people do to try and get rid of the plague? |
Burn foreign people, cats and dogs. Smell herbs or flowers (posies) to get rid of bad smell, use flagellants to whip themselves, hoping the punishment would get rid of the plague. |
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What are Leper Houses? |
People feared leprocy so lepur houses were built on the outskirts of towns. In 1225, 19,000 lepur houses were in Europe but by 1600 leprocy no longer existed. |
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What are Almhouses? |
These houses were run by priests and only held around 12 patients. No real medical treatment was given. |
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When was St Bartholomews opened? |
1123 |
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How many hopsitals were in England during the Middles ages/Medieval times? |
500 |
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What was the main purpose of hospitals? |
To pray and attend services, seriously ill people were not allowed in hospitals. Only the poor and sick went, patients were usually the old, widows with young childresn, orphans and the blind. |
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Who built and paid for hospitals? |
The church. |
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How was the church a problem for the progession in Medicine? |
They encouraged people that disease was a punishment from God, rather than a natural cause. This prevented people from trying to find cures. |
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Where did people go during the middle ages if they were sick? |
People went to an apothecary which sold remedies that local wise woman made at home, using herbs and spices. It was common to use these as people could not afford a physician. |
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What were the three types of 'doctors' in medieval times? |
Barber surgeon, surgeon and physician. |
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What was a physician? |
A physician trained at university, they read ancient texts but their training involved little practical experience. They used clinical observation & urine charts to treat patients. |
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What was a barber surgeon? |
A barber surgeon had no medical training, only the poor went to him, they would do anything: cutting your hair or amputating a limb. The red and white pole stood for blood and bandages. |
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What was a surgeon? |
A surgeon was a normal person who had slight training however the patient would usually still die from the treatments given. |
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What was another way a person thought they would be cured from disease using the touch of someone? |
Many people thought the touch of a Monarch would cure someone from disease. |
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When did The Plague come back to Britain? |
1665 |
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What does Renaissance mean? |
Rebirth, the Renaissance period meaning the rebirth of what the Greeks and Romans had written, drawn and built. |
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How many people did the Plague in 1665 in England? |
100,000 -Plague pit filled with bodies that had the plague. |
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When did the Royal Society open? |
1660 |
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Was dissection allowed in the Renaissance? |
Yes, in medical schools dissection was allowed. |
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When year was the original German printing press invented and who by? |
1454 by Johann Gutenburg. |
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Who and when was the first british printing press invented? |
1476 by William Caxton. |
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When was Andreas Vesalius' book 'The Fabric of the Human Body' published? |
1543 |
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Who was Leonardo da Vinci? |
He was an artist that drew anatomically accurate pictures, a genius that revolutionised medicine. He painted many masterpieces including The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. |
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Who was Andreas Vesalius? |
He proved Galens idea of the jawbone & the liver wrong but his idea of the brain controlling everything right. He drew the most anatomically accurate drawings, including muscle man. |
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Who was Thomas Sydenham? |
He was a medical student that earned the name 'English Hippocrates.' He wrote a book named 'Observations on Medicine'. He was the founder of clinical observation & epidermiology. |
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Who was William Harvey? |
William Harvey discovered how blood circulates around the body, proving that the heart has two sides and was like a pump. |
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Who was Ambroise Paré? |
Ambroise Paré was a very famous barber surgeon. In 1575 he published his 'Apology and Treatise'. He created the first artificial limb. |
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What was the Royal Society? |
The Royal Society was a prestigious scientific body that allowed famous scientists to compare and criticise one anothers ideas about medicine and science.
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What was the name of the first 'lunatic' institution? |
St Mary of Bethlehem hospital or bedlam, many of the inmates actually had learning disabilities or epilepsy. People even visited the hospital to watch the patients as entertainment. |
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Who were most affected by The Great Plague (The Black Death) in 1665?
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Priests and doctors because they were who everyone went to help for when they were sick. |
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How did people treat The Great Plague in 1665?
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It was similar to how they treat it in 1348 because the germ theory had not been proven so treatments were based on religion and superstition such as: lucky charms, prayers, bloodletting, carrying flowers (posies).
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How did people try to stop the plague from spreading?
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The councils quarantined plague victims to prevent them from passing on the disease, the victims house was locked and a red cross was painted on the door and dead bodies were buried in mass graves, carts travelling the city, shouting the infamous 'bring out your dead!" |
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How many europeans died of smallpox between 1700 to 1800? |
60 million |
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When were the cholera epidemics? |
1831, 1848, 1854 and 1866
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Who invented the first microscope and when?
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It was invented in 1590 by Zacharias Janssen although there is some speculation that it was Hans Lippershey who actually invented it.
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Who was the first person to try and cure smallpox? |
Lady Montague, trying something called innoculation, using a small amount of the pus in the spots of someone with smallpox aand injecting them with it, immunising them. |
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Why was innoculation dangerous?
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It was dangerous because if it wasnt done correctly the person would most likely die of blood poisoning or actually catching smallpox, both resulting in death.
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Who successfully managed to create a vaccination again smallpox?
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Edward Jenner, injecting a boy named James Phipps with cowpox from a dairy maid named Sarah Nelmes. He then injected James with Smallpox and found out he did not catch the disease, he did not know that germs caused disease or why it worked but it did.
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Was the vaccine for smallpox compulsory? |
No. The innoculators, The Royal society, the church and the people who did not like the government telling them what to do were all against vaccination.
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When was the anti-vaccine society set up? |
1853 so that vaccination for infants became compulsory.
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Who was Louis Pasteur?
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Pasteur was a chemist in Lille University, Paris. It was there he discovered and proved The Germ Theory of Disease.
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How did Pasteur prove his germ theory?
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He was investigating why vats of beer were going bad and discovered it was because of micro-organisms. He called them germs and said they caused decay and disease in humans. He could prove it at first because he was a scientist not a doctor. His big discovery was in 1864 when he proved that bacteria could be killed by heating a liquid, calling it pasteurisation. |
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Who was Robert Koch? |
He was a german doctor who built on Pasteurs Germ Theory. He identified the bacteria that caused anthrax as well as the bacteria causing cholera and TB.
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Why were Koch and Pasteur huge rivals? |
Because France and Germany were at war. |
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Who was Mary Seacole? |
She was a Jamaican nurse who helped soldiers during the Crimean War. Her work was praised at the time but because she was black her efforts were not as recognised as they should have been, but she became even more famous a century later. |
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Who was Florence Nightingale? |
Florence Nightingale was a nurse in the Crimean War saving wounded soldiers. She was appalled by hospital sanitation and worked to make it clean. She became known as the lady with the lamp. |
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How much did Florence Nightingale raise to help train nurses at the Nightingale School of Nursing in St Thomas' Hospital? |
£44,000 |
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What was the name of the books Florence Nightingale wrote? |
'Notes on Hospitals' and 'Notes on Nursing'. |
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What were the four major problems for surgeons? |
Pain
Infection Blood Loss Replacing the blood lost |
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How long did surgeons have to perform an amputation before 1800?
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60 seconds
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Who discovered the first ever anaesthetic?
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Humphrey Davy in 1795.
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Who was James Simpson?
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He was a professor of Midwifery on 1847 and wanted to make childbirth less painful for women. He used a chemical called chloroform as a painkiller, after using it on himself and friends he realised it would relieve women of pain. No one accepted at first until Queen Victoria used it with her 7th child.
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Who discovered antiseptics? |
Joseph Lister, using carbolic acid to sterilise medical equipment and surgeons hands.
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What were the first ever blood transfusions?
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The first blood tranfusion was animal blood, the human died. Then in 1837, tranferred blood directly from human to human. In 1900 Carl Landsteiner discovered blood group and the importance of the correct blood group being given.
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When was the National Blood Tranfusion Service set up?
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1946.
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Who discovered x-rays?
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Wilhem von Rontgen in 1895.
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Who performed the first successful heart transplant and when?
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Dr Christian Barnard in 1967.
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What were the two biggest killers in the Industrial Revolution? |
Cholera and Tuberculosis |
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What did William Farr introduce in 1830's? |
Birth, Marriage and Death Certificates.
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What did Edwin Chadwick have passed in 1848? |
The first public health act. |
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What year was The Great Stink of London? |
1858. |
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How did Cholera spread through London? |
Dirty, polluted water? |
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What were the death rates for the poor, middle class and rich in the 1800's? |
Rich: 44 Middle Class: 34 Poor: 21 |
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What year did Edwin Chadwick publish his book on public health? |
1842 |
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Who wanted to work with Chadwick to improve public health? |
Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's husband. |
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Who discovered penicillin and what year did they discover it? |
Alexander Fleming in 1928 completely by accident, fleming was in his lab surrounded by contaminated petri dishes he realised that the penicillin mould had killed the germs in the dish. |
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Why could Fleming not carry on his work on penicillin? |
Because the government would not fund his work so from 1928-38 Fleming forgot about penicillin. |
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What event persuaded the government to fund the research of penicillin and how much did they fund? |
World War 2 and a measly £25 |
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Who then carried on the work of Fleming to research penicillin? |
Howard Florey, Ernest Chaina and the Oxford Team (Basil Heatly and Magaret Jennings). |
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When did human trials for penicillin start? |
In the February of 1941, attempting to treat a man dying of abcess however they ran out of penicillin and the man died. |
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When did Florey and Chain recieve funding from the USA and how much? |
They recieved $80 million dollars from 4 USA drug companies in December 1941 so they could mass produce penicillin. By D-Day enough penicillin was available for all of the tragedies and by 1945 2 million doses of penicillin was being used each month. |
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Who won the Nobel Prize for Medicine? |
Florey, Chain and Fleming all won the Nobel Prize for medicine for their work on penicillin. |
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Who was John Snow? |
The surgeon that used chloroform on Queen Victoria during childbirth and the person who realised that dirty water was the cause of cholera. |
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How did John Snow prevent more people from dying of Cholera? |
In 1854 Dr Snow removed the handle from the Broad Street water pump to stop people dying, he realised after the drinking water pipe was cracked and raw sewage was leaking in. |
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How many people died on Broad Street in 10 days from Cholera? |
Over 500. |
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Where was Edwin Chadwicks downfall? |
He never accepted the Germ Theory, always blaming bad smells. |
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What did Chadwicks 1842 report say? |
That the poor needed jobs, better houses, clean water and better public health. |
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Why did the public health act of 1848 not come into place straight away? |
Because the government said rich tax payers would have to pay for the health act and they didn't need it, only the poor did. |
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What policy did the government believe in during the industrial revolution? |
Laissez Faire (leave alone). |
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How many towns set up boards of health and when were they abolished? |
103 were set up in 1848 but in 1854 they were abolished. |
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Who is Sir Joseph Bazalgette? |
A chief engineer that was in charge of public works in London. He changed the way the sewers worked in London and built new ones, preventing any other Great Stinks. |
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What was the 2nd Public Health Act 1875? |
This act forced local councils to act on public health, improving sewers, drainage, provice fresh water and appoint medical officers. |
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What is the Artisans Dwelling Act 1875? |
This made it compulsory for councils to purchase slums and re-build better homes. |
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What is the Sale of Food and Drugs Act 1875? |
This prevented the sale of certain drugs and putting chalk in bread, sand in sugar or sawdust in flour? |
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What were the names of the 3 famous philanthropists who built villages for their workers? |
The Cadbury family, Titus Salt and The Lever Brothers. |
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When was the NHS founded? |
1948. |
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When was the discovery of DNA? |
1953. |
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When did National Insurance come into place? |
1911. |
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When did chemoptherapy start being used to treat chemoptherapy?
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1930's. |
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What was the main reason life expectancy increased and medicine progessed in the 1800's? |
Louis Pasteurs germ theory. |
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Who discovered the first maguc bullet and what is its name? |
Paul Ehrlich discovered the magic bullet Salvarsan 606. |
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What is Salvarsan 606? |
It is a magic bullet (synthetic antibody) that cures syphilis. Over 600 compounds were tried but none worked until in 1909 Sahachiro Hata joined the team and saw that compound 606 did work. It was used first on a human in 1911 under the trade name Salvarsan 606. |
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What was the second magic bullet found? |
In 1932 Gerhard Domagk found that a red dye, prontosil, stopped the streptococcus in mice. His daughter accidently caught it off a needle and when he gave her a large dose of prontosil she turned bright red, but recovered. |
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When was the ban on cigarette adverts introduced? |
1965. |
