Medicaments In Podiatry

Front 1

What is an OINTMENT ?

Back 1

An ointment is a greasy preparation which insoluble in water and does not absorb easily into the skin.(occlusive).

Front 2

What is a CREAM ?

Back 2

an emulsion of oil and water
absorbs well into skin

Front 3

What is a PASTE ?

Back 3

powder mixed in soft paraffin, liquid paraffin or non-greasy base.

a PASTE = POWDER + PARAFFIN

Front 4

What is a SPRAY ?

Back 4

A SPRAY is a dry powder in an aerosol can.

Front 5

What is an ANTIMICROBIAL agent?

Back 5

An antimicrobial agent is a compound that selectively destroys or inhibits the growth of micro-organisms. Also called "antiseptics" or "disinfectants".

Front 6

An ANTIFUNGAL is....

Back 6

An ANTIFUNGAL is a compound that selectively destroys or inhibits the growth of FUNGAL CELLS.

Front 7

How do EMOLLIENTs work?

Back 7

EMOLLIENTS help maintain the water content of the skin.

Front 8

What do ASTRINGENTs do ?

Back 8

Astringents contract living tissue and in some cases lessen secretions.

Front 9

What are CAUSTICS ?

Back 9

CAUSTICS are substances that are destructive to living tissue.

Front 10

What is the action of a styptic?

Back 10

stops bleeding

Front 11

Name four mechanical methods of haemostasis used in podiatry

Back 11

Methods of mechanical haemostasis:
1) tourniquets
2) direct digital pressure
3) elevating limb
4) sutures

Front 12

Name some common chemical haemostats used in podiatry

Back 12

Hydrogen Peroxide
Ferric Chloride (rarely used)
Silver Nitrate (rarely used)

Front 13

Name a dressing that acts as a haemostat.

Back 13

Calcium Alginate (brand name=KALTOSTAT) is a haemoststic dressing derived from seaweed.

Front 14

How do haemostats work ?

Back 14

1. mechanical action reduces blood flow to area enabling a clot to form
2. vasoconstricts small blood vessels by chemical means
3. physical plug caused by reaction between blood and dressing

Front 15

State the function of antiseptics.

Back 15

Antiseptics kill, inactivate or disable micro-organisms.

Front 16

What is an antiseptic's mode of action?

Back 16

a) bind to the Stratum Corneum
b) disrupts microbial cell wall

Front 17

Name four factors that affect how well an antiseptic works

Back 17

1. Duration of contact with micro-organism
2. Nature of infecting organism
3. Concentration of antiseptic
4. Temperature

Front 18

What is a PROPHYLACTIC ?

Back 18

A prophylactic is a PREVENTATIVE MEASURE. Derived from Greek meaning "an advance guard"

Front 19

Properties of an IDEAL ANTISEPTIC ?

Back 19

- rapid action
- broad spectrum
- not inhibited by organic matter
- remains on skin
- able to penetrate skin creases/crevices
- non-toxic

Front 20

Disadvantages of ANTISEPTICS ?

Back 20

- can reduce wound repair
- widespread use kills resident flora and allows transients to multiply
- cross-infection risk from open tubes of creams

Front 21

Name three products that contain chlorhexidine, and the percentages in each.

Back 21

Hydrex spray 0.5%
Bactigras gauze 0.5%
Hibiscrub wash 4%

Front 22

What are the properties of chlorhexidine?

Back 22

Broad spectrum antiseptic
Antifungal
Viricidal

Front 23

What are the advantages of chlorhexidine as an antiseptic agent?

Back 23

1) persistent effect for hours
2) low tissue toxicity

Front 24

What are the properties of alcohol as a medicament?

Back 24

Broad spectrum antiseptic
Astringent

Front 25

Betadine spray contains what agent?

Back 25

Povidone Iodine 2.5%

Front 26

What characteristics does Povidone Iodine have that make it useful in podiatry?

Back 26

1) iodine slow release renders it active for a long time
2) is active in presence of body fluids

Front 27

What products contain iodine and in what concentrations?

Back 27

Betadine spray 2.5%
Betadine scrub 7.5%
Betadine solution 10%

Front 28

What clinical properties does iodine have?

Back 28

Broad spectrum antiseptic
Kills spores
Kills viruses

Front 29

What is the active ingredient in Anaflex cream?

Back 29

polynoxylin 10%

Front 30

What emollients contain Urea?

Back 30

Calmurid 10%
Flexitol (varies)

Front 31

Active agents in Calmurid?

Back 31

Urea 10%
Lactic Acid 5%

Front 32

What type of agent is Salicylic Acid?

Back 32

Caustic-Keratolytic

Front 33

Mode of action of Caustic-Keratolytics?

Back 33

breaks down salt linkages in keratin molecule
allows water into the stratum corneum

Front 34

What strength of Salicylic Acid is used in podiatric preparations?

Back 34

60-75% w/w Salicylic Acid

Front 35

Name some branded preparations containing Salicylic Acid.

Back 35

Salactol
Bazuka

Front 36

Podiatric uses of caustics-keratolytics?

Back 36

Verucca Pedis
Heloma Durum

Front 37

What would you advise your patient to do to neutralise Salicylic Acid dressings?

Back 37

Soak foot in alkaline solution e.g. Sodium Bicarbonate

Front 38

What type of agent is Silver Nitrate?

Back 38

Caustic-protein precipitate

Front 39

What is Silver Nitrate used for?

Back 39

Verucca Pedis
Heloma Durum

Front 40

Common preparation and strength of Silver Nitrate?

Back 40

75% (but up to 95%)

Front 41

What do silver nitrate sticks also contain?

Back 41

Potassium Nitrate

Front 42

What active ingredients does E45 contain?

Back 42

Medical lanolin
White Soft Paraffin

Front 43

What active ingredients does Aqueous Cream contain?

Back 43

White Soft Paraffin
Liquid Paraffin

Front 44

What is a styptic agent?

Back 44

stops bloodflow

Front 45

Name two styptic agents

Back 45

Hydrogen Peroxide
Aluminium Sulphate

Front 46

Name a haemostatic dressing - what is the active ingredient?

Back 46

Kaltostat - seaweed alginate

Front 47

Wat is the difference between an Ointment and a Cream?

Back 47

Ointment - not absorbed by skin
Cream - absorbable emulsion

Front 48

What are the two modes of action of emollients?

Back 48

Address moisture loss from skin by either:
1) occluding (preventing water escaping)
2) providing water for absorption by skin

Front 49

What is the action of an astringent?

Back 49

contracts living tissue and
may lessen secretions

Front 50

What does use of an antiseptic on the skin achieve?

Back 50

it reduces total skin bacterial counts of both transient and resident flora

Front 51

Antiseptic mode of action is dependent on what four factors?

Back 51

1. Time in contact with micro-organism
2. Nature of infecting org
3. Concentration of the antiseptic
4. Temperature

Front 52

What layer of the skin do antiseptics bind to?

Back 52

the Stratum Corneum

Front 53

State 4 properties of the ideal antiseptic

Back 53

1) rapid action
2) no adverse effects
3) broad spectrum
4) active in presence of organic matter
5) penetrates crevices/cracks

Front 54

Disadvantages of antiseptics?

Back 54

Reduce Wound Repair
Habitual Use Disadvantages Resident Flora

Front 55

What does alcohol do to the cell wall of bacteria?

Back 55

denatures its protein

Front 56

Name three classes of antifungal agents

Back 56

Allylamines
Imidazoles
Polyenes

Front 57

What kind of antifungal preparation is indicated for...plantar TPedis infection?

Back 57

creams

Front 58

What kind of antifungal preparation is indicated for nail infections?

Back 58

Nail paints.

Front 59

Name a proprietary nail paint, its active agent and the strength.

Back 59

Loceryl (Amorolfine 5%)

Front 60

Name three antifungal agents and their brand names.

Back 60

Lamasil (Terbinafine)
Loceryl (Amorolfine)
Daktarin (Miconazole)
Canesten (Clotrimazole)

Front 61

Standard supplementary advice to patients using topical antifungal agents?

Back 61

treat shoes and socks as well as feet
beware reinfection from sharing (mats, towels)

Front 62

State 4 reasons why a patient might need to use an emollient.

Back 62

1) to prevent HK, lesions, fissures
2) systemic conditions can lead to dry skin
3) elderly skin holds less water
4) to compensate for constant handwashing

Front 63

What kind of an agent is urea?

Back 63

keratolytic

Front 64

Name some emollients

Back 64

Doublebass
Diprobase
Eucerin
Calmurid
E45

Front 65

Name a podiatric use for an astringent.

Back 65

Drying up interdigital maceration.

Front 66

What kind of agent would you use if a patient was hyperhydrotic?

Back 66

Astringent, such as potassium permanganate

Front 67

What medicament causes a black eschar, and what kind of agent is it?

Back 67

Silver Nitrate
Its a caustic-protein precipitant

or

Pyrogallic Acid 40%
a Caustic-Reducing agent

Front 68

How can silver nitrate be neutralised?

Back 68

Hypertonic saline solution

Front 69

Name two important contraindications to caustic therapy

Back 69

1) impaired tissue viability
2) around bony prominences, or in absence of fatty padding

Front 70

What kind of agent is Monchloracetic Acid?

Back 70

a Hydrolysing agent

Front 71

How do hydrolysing agents work?

Back 71

by hydrolysing proteins in keratin, converting them into soluble proteins

Front 72

What to remember when using hydrolysing agents?

Back 72

Mask the area
If problems, soak in bicarbonate of soda solution

Front 73

What is Opsite?

Back 73

A polyurethane dressing spray