Medical Terms Ch.3

Front 1

Ossification

Back 1

fragile membranes and cartilage that start turning into bone

Front 2

periosteum

Back 2

the tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone

Front 3

Compact bone (cortical bone)

Back 3

the dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones

Front 4

Spongy bone (cancellous bone)

Back 4

lighter and not as strong as compact bone. commonly found in the ends and inner portions of long bones (red bone marrow is located here)

Front 5

Medullary Cavity

Back 5

central cavity located in the shaft of long bones where it is surrounded by compact bone. (red and yellow bone marrow are stored)

Front 6

Endosteum

Back 6

the tissue that lines the medullary cavity

Front 7

Red Bone Marrow

Back 7

located within the spongy bone, a hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells and thrombocytes

Front 8

Hemopoietic

Back 8

pertaining to the formation of blood cells

Front 9

yellow bone marrow

Back 9

functions as a fat storage area

Front 10

Cartilage

Back 10

the smooth rubbery blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones

Front 11

articular cartilage

Back 11

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints. makes smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing against each other.

Front 12

meniscus

Back 12

curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and the temporomandibular joint of the jaw

Front 13

diaphysis

Back 13

the shaft of a long bone

Front 14

epiphyses

Back 14

the wider ends of long bones such as the femurs of the leg

Front 15

foramen

Back 15

an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass

Front 16

process

Back 16

a normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon

Front 17

joints (articulations)

Back 17

place of union between two or more bones

Front 18

fibrous joints

Back 18

consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together

Front 19

fontanelles (soft spots)

Back 19

normally present on the skull of a newborn, gradually harden

Front 20

cartilaginous joints

Back 20

allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

Front 21

pubic symphysis

Back 21

allows some movement to facilitate childbirth

Front 22

synovial joint

Back 22

created where two ones articulate to permit a variety of motions (ball-and-socket joints and hinge joints)

Front 23

synovial capsule

Back 23

the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint

Front 24

synovial membrane

Back 24

lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid

Front 25

synovial fluid

Back 25

flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of teh joint possible

Front 26

ligaments

Back 26

are bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage

Front 27

bursa

Back 27

fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to frictions, such as in the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints where a tendon passes over a bone

Front 28

axial skeleton

Back 28

protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems

Front 29

appendicular skeleton

Back 29

makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction

Front 30

skull

Back 30

consists fo the bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face and 6 bones in the middle ear.

Front 31

cranium

Back 31

which is made up of the following 8 bones, is that portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain

Front 32

frontal bone

Back 32

the anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead

Front 33

parietal bones

Back 33

two of the largest bones of the skull, form roof and upper sides of the cranium

Front 34

occipital bone

Back 34

forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium

Front 35

temporal bones

Back 35

form the sides and base of the cranium

Front 36

external auditory meatus

Back 36

opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear

Front 37

sphenoid bone

Back 37

is an irregular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull

Front 38

ethmoid bone

Back 38

light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose

Front 39

auditory ossicles

Back 39

the tree tiny bones located in each middle ear
(malleus, incus, and stapes)

Front 40

nasal bones

Back 40

form the upper part of the bridge of the nose

Front 41

zygomatic bones

Back 41

cheek bones, articulate with the frontal bone that makes up the forehead

Front 42

maxillary bones

Back 42

form most of the upper jaw

Front 43

palatine bones

Back 43

form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and floor of the nose

Front 44

lacrimal bones

Back 44

make up part of the orbit at the inner angle

Front 45

inferior conchae

Back 45

thin scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose

Front 46

vomer bone

Back 46

forms the base for teh nasal septum

Front 47

mandible

Back 47

(jawbone) the only movable bone of the skull. attached at the temporomadiublar joint

Front 48

thoracic cavity

Back 48

(rib cage) bony structure that protects the heart and lungs

Front 49

ribs

Back 49

(costals) attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae

Front 50

sternum

Back 50

which is also known as the breast bone. flat, dagger shaped bone located in the middle of the chest

Front 51

manubrium

Back 51

the bony structure that forms the upper portion of teh sternum

Front 52

body of the sternum

Back 52

is the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum

Front 53

xiphoid process

Back 53

the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum

Front 54

pectoral girdle

Back 54

which supports the arms and hands

Front 55

clavicle

Back 55

also known as the collar bone, slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula

Front 56

scapula

Back 56

shoulder blade

Front 57

acromion

Back 57

an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder

Front 58

humerus

Back 58

the bone of the upper arm

Front 59

radium

Back 59

the smaller and shorter bone in the forearm. (thumb side of the forearm)

Front 60

ulna

Back 60

larger and longer bone of the forearm

Front 61

olecranon process

Back 61

funny bone, large projection on the upper end of the ulna

Front 62

carpals

Back 62

the bones that form the wrist

Front 63

metacarpals

Back 63

the 5 bones that form the palms of the hand

Front 64

phalanges

Back 64

the 14 bones of the fingers

Front 65

spinal column

Back 65

protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body. consists of 26 vertebrae.

Front 66

lamina

Back 66

posterior portion of a vertebra (transverse and spinous process extend from this area)

Front 67

intervertebral disks

Back 67

made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other

Front 68

cervical vertebrae

Back 68

the first set of 7 vertebrae and they form the neck

Front 69

thoracic vertebrae

Back 69

T1-T12, the second set of 12 vertebrae, each has a pair of ribs attached to it

Front 70

lumbar vertebrae

Back 70

L1-L5, together they form the inward curve of the lower spine

Front 71

sacrum

Back 71

the slightly curved, triangular shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back

Front 72

coccyx

Back 72

also known as the tailbone, forms the end of the spine and is actually made up of four small vertebrae that are fused together

Front 73

pelvic girdle

Back 73

protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities

Front 74

ilium

Back 74

the broad blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone

Front 75

sacroiliac

Back 75

the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium

Front 76

ischium

Back 76

forms the lower posterior portion of the public bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting

Front 77

pubis

Back 77

which forms the anterior portion of eh pubic bone

Front 78

acetabulum

Back 78

hip socket, the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis

Front 79

popliteal

Back 79

describes the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments vessels and muscles related to this joint are located

Front 80

cruciate ligaments

Back 80

make the movements of the knee possible

Front 81

tibia

Back 81

shinbone, larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg

Front 82

fibula

Back 82

the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg

Front 83

ankles

Back 83

joints that connect lower leg and the foot

Front 84

malleolus

Back 84

rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint

Front 85

talus

Back 85

the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula

Front 86

calcaneus

Back 86

also known as teh heel bone

Front 87

chiropractor

Back 87

Doctor of Chiropractic degree and specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine

Front 88

orthopedic surgeon

Back 88

physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints and muscles

Front 89

osteopath

Back 89

Doctor of osteopathy uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating heath problems by spinal manipulation

Front 90

podiatrist

Back 90

Doctor of Podiatry degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot

Front 91

rheumatologist

Back 91

a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis that are characterized by inflammation

Front 92

ankylosis

Back 92

the loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury or a surgical procedure

Front 93

arthrosclerosis

Back 93

stiffness of the joints especially in the ederly

Front 94

bursitis

Back 94

inflammation of a bursa

Front 95

chondromalacia

Back 95

abnormal softening of carrtilage

Front 96

chondroma

Back 96

slow-growing benign tumor derived form cartilage cells

Front 97

costochondritis

Back 97

inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum

Front 98

hallux valgus

Back 98

abnormal enlargement of the joint at teh base of teh great toe

Front 99

hemarthrosis

Back 99

blood within a joint

Front 100

polymyalgia rheumatica

Back 100

geriatric inflammatory disorder of teh muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and things

Front 101

synovitis

Back 101

inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint

Front 102

dislocation

Back 102

total displacement of a bone from its joint

Front 103

subluxation

Back 103

the partial displacement of a bone from its joint

Front 104

arthritis

Back 104

inflammatory condition of one or more joints

Front 105

osteoarthritis

Back 105

most commonly associated with aging, a degenerative joint disease bc known as the wearing away of the arictular cartilage within the joints

Front 106

osteophytes

Back 106

bone spurs

Front 107

spondylosis

Back 107

the degenerative disorder can cause loss of normal spinal structure and function

Front 108

gouty arthritis

Back 108

known as gout, a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid in the joints

Front 109

rheumatoid arthritis

Back 109

chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked

Front 110

ankylosing spondylitis

Back 110

form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily cause inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae

Front 111

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

Back 111

autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 years or less. stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth and fatigue

Front 112

herniated disk

Back 112

breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots

Front 113

lumbago

Back 113

low back pain

Front 114

spondylolisthesis

Back 114

forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it

Front 115

spina bifida

Back 115

congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it

Front 116

kyphosis

Back 116

abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine (humpback)

Front 117

lordosis

Back 117

abnormal increase in forward curvature of the lumbar spine (swayback)

Front 118

scoliosis

Back 118

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

Front 119

craniostenosis

Back 119

malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures

Front 120

fibrous dysplasia

Back 120

bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrous tissue

Front 121

ostealgia

Back 121

pain in a bone

Front 122

osteitis

Back 122

inflammation of a bone

Front 123

osteomalacia

Back 123

adult rickets, abnormal softening of bones in adults

Front 124

osteomyelitis

Back 124

inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone

Front 125

osteonecrosis

Back 125

death of bone tissue due to insufficient blood supply

Front 126

paget's disease

Back 126

excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation

Front 127

periostitis

Back 127

an inflammation of the periosteum

Front 128

rickets

Back 128

vitamin D deficiency in children

Front 129

short stature

Back 129

dwarfism, condition resulting from the failure of the bones of limbs to grow to an appropriate length

Front 130

talipes

Back 130

any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus

Front 131

primary bone cancer

Back 131

relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone

Front 132

secondary bone cancer

Back 132

tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs such as the breasts and lungs

Front 133

myeloma

Back 133

type of cancer that occurs in blood making cells found in the red bone marrow

Front 134

osteochondroma

Back 134

benign bon projection covered with cartilage

Front 135

osteoporosis

Back 135

loss of bone density and an increase in one porosity that is frequently associated with aging

Front 136

osteopenia

Back 136

thinner than average bone density

Front 137

compression fracture

Back 137

bone is pressed together on itself (vertebral crush fracture)

Front 138

Colles fracture

Back 138

fractured wrist, lower end of the radius

Front 139

osteoporotic hip fracture

Back 139

weakening of the bones due to ostepporosis can occur spontaneously or as result of a fall

Front 140

closed fracture

Back 140

simple/ complete fracture. bone is broken but no open wound in the skin

Front 141

open facture

Back 141

compound fracture, bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin

Front 142

comminuted fracture

Back 142

one in which the bone is splintered or crushed

Front 143

greenstick facture

Back 143

bone is bent and only partially broken

Front 144

oblique fracture

Back 144

occurs at an angle across the bone

Front 145

pathologic fracture

Back 145

weakened bone breaks under normal strain

Front 146

spiral fracture

Back 146

fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

Front 147

stress facture

Back 147

overuse injury, small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact

Front 148

transverse facture

Back 148

occurs straight across the bone

Front 149

fat embolus

Back 149

form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood

Front 150

crepitation

Back 150

grating sound heard when the ends of broken bone move together

Front 151

callus

Back 151

forms as a bulging deposit around the area of the break

Front 152

radiograph

Back 152

use of x radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities

Front 153

arthroscopy

Back 153

visual examination of the internal structure of a joint

Front 154

bone marrow biopsy

Back 154

diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete count test

Front 155

magnetic resonance imagine

Back 155

used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints

Front 156

bone density testing

Back 156

used to determine losses or changes in bone density

Front 157

ultrasonic bone density testing

Back 157

a screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass

Front 158

dual x-ray absorptiometry

Back 158

low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density

Front 159

bone marrow transplant

Back 159

used to treat certain types of cancers such as leukemia and lymphomas

Front 160

allogenic bone marrow transplant

Back 160

uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling

Front 161

autologous bone marrow transplant

Back 161

patient receives his own bone marrow cells

Front 162

orthotic

Back 162

mechanical appliance, such as a leg brace or splint that is specially designed to control, correct or compensate for impaired limp function

Front 163

arthrolysis

Back 163

surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint

Front 164

arthroscopic surgery

Back 164

minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint

Front 165

chondroplasty

Back 165

surgical repair of damaged cartilage

Front 166

synovectomy

Back 166

surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint

Front 167

viscosupplementations

Back 167

injections used to add a preparation of hyaluronic acid and related compounds to a joint, easing friction and making movement easier

Front 168

arthroplasty

Back 168

surgical repair of a damaged joint

Front 169

total knee replacement

Back 169

all of the parts of the knee were replaced

Front 170

partial knee replacement

Back 170

procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced

Front 171

hip resurfacing

Back 171

an alternative to removing the head of the femur

Front 172

revision surgery

Back 172

replacement of a worn or failed implant

Front 173

percutaneous diskectomy

Back 173

preformed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk

Front 174

percutaneous vertebroplasty

Back 174

preformed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures

Front 175

laminectomy

Back 175

surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra

Front 176

spinal fusion

Back 176

technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrae

Front 177

craniectomy

Back 177

surgical removal of a portion of the skull

Front 178

craniotomy

Back 178

surgical incision or opening into the skull

Front 179

cranioplasty

Back 179

surgical repair of teh skull

Front 180

osteoclasis

Back 180

surgical facture of a bone to correct a defomity

Front 181

ostectomy

Back 181

surgical removal of a bone

Front 182

steoplasty

Back 182

surgical reapir of a bone or bones

Front 183

osteorrhaphy

Back 183

surgical suturing or wiring together of bones

Front 184

osteotomy

Back 184

surgical cutting of a bone

Front 185

periosteotomy

Back 185

an incision through the periosteum to the bone

Front 186

closed reduction

Back 186

attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation

Front 187

immobilization

Back 187

act of holding, suturing or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast

Front 188

traction

Back 188

pulling forced exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment

Front 189

external fixation

Back 189

fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in one place

Front 190

internal fixation

Back 190

fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold broken pieces in place

Front 191

ankyl/o

Back 191

crooked, bent, stiff

Front 192

arthr/o

Back 192

joint

Front 193

chondr/i, chondr/o

Back 193

cartilage

Front 194

cost/o

Back 194

rib

Front 195

crani/o

Back 195

skull

Front 196

-desis

Back 196

to bind, tie togehter

Front 197

kyph/o

Back 197

bent, hump

Front 198

lord/o

Back 198

curve, swayback, bent

Front 199

-lysis

Back 199

loosening or setting free

Front 200

myel/o

Back 200

spinal cord, bone marrow

Front 201

oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o

Back 201

bone

Front 202

scoli/o

Back 202

curved, bent

Front 203

spondyl/o

Back 203

vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone

Front 204

snovi/o, synov/o

Back 204

synovial membrane, synovial fluid

Front 205

-um

Back 205

singular noun ending