Medical Terminology Systems: A Body System Approach Chapter 14: Endocrine System

Front 1

homeostasis

Back 1

internal state of equilibrium in the body

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endocrine system

Back 2

The primary function of the endocrine system is to produce specialized chemicals called hormones that enter the bloodstream and travel to specific tissues or organs of the body called targets.

The ductless glands of the endocrine system include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreatic, pineal, and thymus glands as well as the ovaries and testes.

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antagonistic

Back 3

acting in opposition; mutually opposing

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electrolyte

Back 4

mineral salt(sodium, potassium, and calcium) that carries an electrical charge in solution

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glucagon

Back 5

Hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells that stimulates the liver to change stored glycogen(a starch form of sugar) to glucose.

Hint 5

Glucagon opposes the action of insulin. It is used to reverse hypoglycemic reactions in insulin shock.

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glucose

Back 6

Simple sugar that is the end product of carbohydrate digestion.

Hint 6

Glucose is found in many foods, especially fruits, and is a major source of energy for living organisms. Analysis of blood glucose levels is an important diagnostic test in diabetes and other disorders.

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insulin

Back 7

Hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells that allows body cells to use glucose for energy or store it in the liver as glycogen

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sympathomimetic

Back 8

Agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

Hint 8

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are sympathomimetic hormones because they produce effects that mimic those brought about by the sympathetic nervous system.

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pituitary gland

Back 9

Also known as the hypophysis, it is a pea-sized organ located at the base of the brain. It is known as the master gland because it regulates many body activities and stimulates many other glands to secrete their own specific hormones.

Two distinct portions: an anterior lobe(adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe(neurohypophysis).

Anterior produces at least six hormones. Posterior stores and secretes two hormones produced by the hypothalamus: antidiuretic hormone(ADH) and oxytocin.

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thyroid gland

Back 10

Largest gland of the endocrine system, and is an H-shaped organ located in the neck just below the larynx. It is composed of two large lobes that are separated by a strip of tissue called an isthmus.

Hint 10

Thyroid hormone (TH) is the body's major metabolic hormone. TH increases the rate of oxygen consumption and, thus, the rate at which carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are metabolized. TH is actually two active iodine-containing hormones: thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

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Calcitonin

Back 11

regulates calcium levels in the blood in conjunction with parathyroid hormone

decreases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to blood

Hint 11

The most significant effects are exerted in childhood when bones are growing and changing dramatically in shape, mass, and size. At best, calcitonin is a weak hypocalcemic agent in adults.

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Thyroxine and triiodothyronine

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Increases energy production from all food types

Increases rate of protein synthesis

Hint 12

Hyposecretion in infants causes cretinism; hyposecretion in adults causes myxedema.

Hypersecretion causes Graves disease, which results in exophthalmos.

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parathyroid glands

Back 13

Consisting of four separate glands, these are located on the posterior side of the lobes of the thyroid gland. The only hormone known to be secreted by them is parathyroid hormone(PTH). PTH helps to regulate calcium balance by stimulating three target organs: bones, kidneys, and intestines.

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Parathyroid hormone

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Bones - increases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bone to blood

Kidneys - increases calcium absorption and phosphate excretion

Small intestine - increases absorption of calcium and phosphate

Hyposecretion causes tetany.

Hypersecretion causes osteitis fibrosa cystica.

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adrenal glands

Back 15

paired organs (4 total)covering the superior surface of the kidneys - also known as suprarenal glands.

Each gland is divided into two sections, each having its own structure and function. The outer adrenal cortex makes up bulk of bland and the adrenal medulla makes up inner portion.

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adrenal cortex

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1. Mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone. These work to maintain the balance of electrolytes by causing the kidneys to conserve sodium and excrete potassium as well as decreasing urine output.
2. Glucocorticoids - mainly cortisol

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adrenal medulla

Back 17

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

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Adrenal Cortex Hormones:

Glucocorticoids(mainly cortisol)

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body cells - promote gluconeogenesis; regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; and help depress inflammatory and immune responses

Disorders:

Hyposecretion causes Addison disease.

Hypersecretion causes Cushing disease.

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Adrenal Cortex Hormones:

Mineralcorticoids(mainly aldosterone)

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Kidneys--increase blood levels of sodium and decrease blood levels of potassium in the kidneys

Disorders:

Hyposecretion causes Addison disease.

Hypersecretion causes aldosteronism.

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Adrenal Cortex Hormones:

Sex hormones(any of the androgens, estrogens, or related steroid hormones produced by the ovaries, testes, and adrenal cortices)

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In females, possibly responsible for female libido and source of estrogen after menopause(otherwise, insignificant effects in adults)

Disorders: Hypersecretion of adrenal androgen in females leads to virilism(development of male secondary sex characteristics).

Hypersecretion of adrenal estrogen and progestin secretion in males leads to feminization (development of female secondary sex characteristics).

Hyposecretion has no known significant effects.

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Adrenal Medullary Hormones:

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

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Sympathetic nervous system target organs--hormone effects mimic sympathetic nervous system activation(sympathomimetic),increase metabolic rate and heart rate, and raise blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction

Disorders: Hyposecretion has no known significant effect. Hypersecretion causes prolonged "fight-or-flight" reaction and hypertension.

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pancreas

Back 22

functions as an exocrine and endocrine gland, producing glucagon and insulin(these function antagonistically, so a normal secretion of both hormones ensures a blood glucose level that fluctuates within a normal level).

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pineal gland

Back 23

shaped like a pine cone and may be responsible for secreting melatonin

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adren/o

adrenal/o

Back 24

adrenal glands

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calc/o

Back 25

calcium

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crin/o

Back 26

secrete

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gluc/o

glyc/o

glycos/o

Back 27

sugar, sweetness

Front 28

home/o

Back 28

same, alike

Front 29

kal/i

Back 29

potassium(an electrolyte)

Front 30

pancreat/o

Back 30

pancreas

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parathyroid/o

Back 31

parathyroid glands

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thym/o

Back 32

thymus gland

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thyr/o

thyroid/o

Back 33

thyroid gland

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toxic/o

Back 34

poison

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-crine

Back 35

secrete

Front 36

-dipsia

Back 36

thirst

Front 37

-gen

Back 37

forming, producing, origin

Front 38

-toxic

Back 38

pertaining to poison

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-uria

Back 39

urine

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eu-

Back 40

good, normal

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exo-

Back 41

outside, outward

Front 42

hyper-

Back 42

excessive, above normal

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hypo-

Back 43

under, below

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poly-

Back 44

many, much

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hyposecretion

Back 45

underproduction

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hypersecretion

Back 46

overproduction

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endocrinology

Back 47

branch of medicine concerned with endocrine disorders

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endocrinologist

Back 48

physician who specializes in diagnoses and treatment of endocrine disorders

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GH

Back 49

growth hormone

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ADH

Back 50

antidiuretic hormone

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hyponatremia

Back 51

low blood sodium levels