Medical Terminology - Chapter 8 Cardiovascular System

Front 1

leaflet

Back 1

thin, flattened structure; term used to describe the leaf-shaped structures that compose a heart valve

Front 2

lumen

Back 2

tubular space or channel within any organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine or tube

Front 3

regurgitation

Back 3

backflow or ejecting contents through an opening

Front 4

sphincter

Back 4

circular muscle found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that contracts or dilates to regulate passage of substances though its opening

Front 5

vasoconstriction

Back 5

narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medications, or physiological processes

Front 6

vasodilatation

Back 6

widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls

Front 7

viscosity

Back 7

state of being sticky or gummy

Front 8

endocardium

Back 8

serous membrane that lines the four chambers of the heart and its valves and is continuous with the endothelium of the arteries and veins

Front 9

myocardium

Back 9

the muscular layer of the heart

Front 10

epicardium

Back 10

outermost layer of the heart

Front 11

aneurysm/o

Back 11

widened blood vessel

Hint 11

aneurysmorrhaphy - suture of an aneurysm

Front 12

angi/o

vascul/o

Back 12

vessel

Front 13

vasculitis

Back 13

inflammation of the blood vessels

Front 14

angioplasty

Back 14

surgical repair of a vessel

Front 15

aort/o

Back 15

aorta

Front 16

arteri/o

Back 16

artery
arteriorrhexis - rupture of an artery

Front 17

arteriol/o

Back 17

arteriol

Front 18

atri/o

Back 18

atrium

atriomegaly - enlargement of the atrium

Front 19

ather/o

Back 19

fatty plaque

atheroma - tumor of fatty plaque

Front 20

cardi/o

Back 20

heart

Front 21

electr/o

Back 21

electricity

Front 22

embol/o

Back 22

embolus (plug)

Front 23

hemangi/o

Back 23

blood vessel

hemangioma - tumor of blood vessels

Front 24

my/o

Back 24

muscle

Front 25

phleb/o

ven/o

Back 25

vein

Hint 25

phlebectasis - expansion of a vein

Front 26

scler/o

Back 26

hardening; sclera (white of the eye)
arteriosclerosis - hardening of the artery

Front 27

sept/o

Back 27

septum

Front 28

sphygm/o

Back 28

pulse

Hint 28

sphygmoid - resembling a pulse

Front 29

sten/o

Back 29

narrowing, stricture

Front 30

thromb/o

Back 30

blood clot

Front 31

ventricul/o

Back 31

ventricle (of heart or brain)

Front 32

-sphyxia

Back 32

pulse

Front 33

-stenosis

Back 33

narrowing, stricture

Front 34

CABG

Back 34

coronary artery bypass graft

Front 35

endocarditis

Back 35

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

Front 36

aneurysm

Back 36

localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery

Front 37

arrest

Back 37

condition of being stopped or brining to a stop

Front 38

cardiac arrest

Back 38

loss of effective cardiac function

Front 39

circulatory arrest

Back 39

cessation of the circulation of blood due to ventricular standstill or fibrillation

Front 40

arrhythmia

Back 40

inability of the heart to maintain a normal sinus rhythm, possibly including a rapid or slow beat or skipping a beat. also called dysryhthmia

Front 41

bruit

Back 41

soft blowing sound heard on auscultation, possibly due to vibrations associated with the movement of blood, valvular action, or both, also called murmur

Front 42

cardiomyopathy

Back 42

any disease or weakening of the heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function

Hint 42

causes of cardiomyopathy include viral or bacterial infections, metabolic disorders, or general systemic disease

Front 43

catheter

Back 43

thin, flexible, hollow plastic tube that is small enough to be threaded through a vein, artery or tubular space

Front 44

coarctation

Back 44

narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta

Front 45

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

Back 45

blood clot that forms deep in the veins of the body, especially hose in legs or thighs

Hint 45

In DVT, blood clots may break away from the vein wall and travel in the body. If they lodge in the lung the condition is called pulmonary embolism.

Front 46

ejection fraction (EF)

Back 46

calculation of how much blood a ventricle can eject with one contraction

Hint 46

The left ventricular EF averages 50% to 70% in healthy hearts but can be markedly reduced if part of the heart muscle dies, as evident after an MI or in cardiomyopathy or valvular disease

Front 47

heart failure

Back 47

failure of the heart to supply an adequate amount of blood to tissues and organs

Front 48

embolus

Back 48

mass of undissolved matter (foreign object, air, gas, tissue, thrombus) circulating in blood or lymphatic channels until becomes lodged in a vessel

Front 49

fibrillation

Back 49

quivering or spontaneous muscle contractions, especially of the heart, causing ineffectual contractions

Hint 49

commonly corrected with defibrillator

Front 50

hemostasis

Back 50

arrest of bleeding or circulation

Front 51

hyperlipidemia

Back 51

excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood

Front 52

Hypertension (HTN)

Back 52

common disorder characterized by elevated blood pressure persistently exceeding 140 mm Hg systolic, 90mm Hg diastolic

Front 53

primary hypertension

Back 53

HTN in which there is no identifiable cause, also called essential hypertension

Hint 53

most common form

Front 54

secondary hypertension

Back 54

HTN that results from an underlying, identifiable, commonly correctable cause

Front 55

hypertensive heart disease

Back 55

any heart disorder caused by prolonged hypertension, including left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, and heart failure

Front 56

implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)

Back 56

implantable battery-powered device that monitors and automatically corrects ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation by sending electrical impulses to the heart

Hint 56

In ventricular fibrillation, the heart quivers rather than beats,and blood is not pumped to the brain. Unless treatment is received within 5-10 minutes, ventricular fibrillation causes death

Front 57

infarct

Back 57

area of tissue that undergoes necrosis following cessation of blood supply

Front 58

ischemia

Back 58

local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to circulatory obstruction

Front 59

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Back 59

common and occasional serious condition in which the leaflets of the mitral valve prolapse into the left atrium during systole causing characteristic murmur heard on auscultation

Hint 59

Common signs of and symptoms of MVP include palpitations of the heart and occasionally, panic attacks, with pounding heartbeat. Because of the possibility of valve infection, prophylactic treatment with antibiotics is suggested before undergoing invasive procedures such as dental work

Front 60

cardioversion

Back 60

procedure to restore normal rhythm of the heart by applying a controlled electrical shock to the exterior of the chest

Front 61

palpitation

Back 61

sensation that the heart is not beating normally, possibly including thumping, fluttering, skipped beats, or a pounding feeling in the chest

Front 62

patent duct arteriosus

Back 62

failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth, allowing blood to flow from the aorta into the pulmonary artery

Front 63

perfusion

Back 63

circulation of blood through tissues or the passage of fluids through vessels of an organ

Front 64

tetralogy of fallot

Back 64

congenital anomaly consisting of four elements: (1) pulmonary artery stenosis, (2) inter ventricular septal defect, (3) transposition of the aorta, so that both ventricles empty into the aorta, (4) right ventricular hypertrophy caused by increased workload of the right ventricle

Front 65

stent

Back 65

slender threadlike device used to hold open vessels, tubes, or obstructed arteries

Hint 65

stents are used to support tubular structures that are being anastomosed or to induce maintain patency within the tubular structures

Front 66

thrombus

Back 66

blood clot that obstructs a vessel

Front 67

cardiac catheterization (CC)

Back 67

passage of catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart

Hint 67

CC gathers information about the heart, such as blood supply through the coronary arteries and blood flow and pressure in the chambers of the heart as well as enabling blood sample collection and x-rays of the heart

Front 68

electrocardiogram

Back 68

graphic line recording that shows the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs

Hint 68

ECGs help diagnose abnormal heart rhythms and myocardial damage

Front 69

Holter monitor test

Back 69

ECG taken with a small portable recording system capable of storing up to 24 hours of ECG tracings

Hint 69

Holter monitoring is particularly useful in obtaining cardiac arrhythmia record that would be missing during an ECG of only a few minutes

Front 70

nuclear ECG

Back 70

ECG that utilizes a radioisotope to evaluate coronary blood flow

Hint 70

In a nuclear stress test, the radioisotope is injected at the height of exercise. The area not receiving sufficient oxygen is visualized by decreased uptake of the isotope

Front 71

stress test

Back 71

ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions

Front 72

cardiac enzyme studies

Back 72

blood test that measures troponin T, troponin I, and creatinine kinase (CK-MB)

Hint 72

cardiac enzymes are released into the bloodstream from damaged heart muscle tissue. Their presence in a blood specimen is consistent with myocardial damage

Front 73

lipid panel

Back 73

series of tests (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and trigs) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease

Front 74

angiography

Back 74

radiographic imaging of the heart and blood vessels after injection of a contrast dye

Front 75

coronary angiography

Back 75

angiography to determine the degree of obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart

Front 76

digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

Back 76

angiography in which two radiographic images are obtained, the first one without contrast material and the second one after a contrast material has been injected, and then compared by a computer that digitally subtracts the images of soft tissue, bones, muscles, leaving only the image of the vessels with contrast

Front 77

aortography

Back 77

radiological examination of the aorta and its branches following injection of a contrast medium via a catheter

Front 78

echocardiography (ECHO)

Back 78

noninvasive diagnostic method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures and produce images of the heart

Hint 78

A transducer is placed on the best to direct ultra-high-frequency sound waves toward cardiac structures. Reflected echoes are then converted to electrical impulses and displayed on a screen

Front 79

doppler ultrasound

Back 79

noninvasive adaption of ultrasound technology in which blood flow velocity is assessed in different areas of the heart

Front 80

multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA)

Back 80

nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to produce movie-like images of the structures of the heart, including the myocardium and the mitral and tricuspid valves

Hint 80

The MUGA scan shows the motion of the heart wall muscle and the ventricles ability to eject blood

Front 81

phonocardiography

Back 81

Imaging technique that provides graphic display of heart sounds and murmurs during the cardiac cycle

Hint 81

A transducer sends ultrasonic pulses through the chest wall and the echoes are converted into images on a monitor to assess overall cardiac performance

Front 82

scintigraphy

Back 82

diagnostic test that uses radiation emitted by the body after injection of radioactive substances to create images of various organs or identify body functions and diseases

Hint 82

scintigraphy identifies infarcted or scarred areas of the heart that show up as "cold spots" (areas of reduced radioactivity), taken when patient is at rest

Front 83

thallium study

Back 83

scintigraphy procedure that uses injected radioactive thallium and records the uptake of the isotope with a gamma camera to produce an image

Hint 83

A stress thallium study is commonly performed at the same tome as a resting study to further identify abnormalities

Front 84

venography

Back 84

radiography of a vein after injection of a contrast medium to detect incomplete filling of a vein, which indicates obstruction

Hint 84

venography is primarily used to locate blood clots in the veins of the leg

Front 85

cardioversion

Back 85

procedure to restore noral rhythm to the heart by applying a controlled electrical stock to the exterior of the chest

Front 86

embolization

Back 86

technique used to block blood flow to a site by passing a catheter to the area and injecting a synthetic material or medication specially designed to occlude the vessel

Hint 86

embolization may serve to eliminate an abnormal communication between an artery and a vein, stop bleeding, or close vessels that are supporting tumor growth

Front 87

sclerotherapy

Back 87

injection of a chemical irritant into a vein to produce inflammation and fibrosis that destroys the lumen of the vein

Hint 87

sclerotherapy is commonly performed to treat varicose veins and sometimes telangiectasis

Front 88

angioplasty

Back 88

procedure that alters a vessel through surgery or dilation of the vessel using a ballon catheter

Front 89

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

Back 89

dilation of an occluded vessel using a balloon catheter under fluoroscopic guidance

Hint 89

In PTCA, the physician inserts a catheter transcutaneously, inflates the balloon thereby dilating the narrowed vessel, and commonly positions a stent to hold the vessel open

Front 90

atherectomy

Back 90

removal of material from an occluded vessel using a specially designed catheter fitted with a cutting or grinding device

Front 91

catheter ablation

Back 91

deconstruction of conduction tissue tissue of the heart to interrupt the abnormal conduction pathway causing arrhythmia, thus allowing normal heart rhythm to resume

Front 92

commissurotomy

Back 92

surgical separation of the leaflets of the mitral valve, which have fused together at their "commissures" (points of touching)

Hint 92

many candidates for commisurotomy are now treated with balloon or mitral valvuloplasty

Front 93

laser ablation

Back 93

procedure used to remove or treat varicose veins

Front 94

ligation and stripping

Back 94

trying a varicose (ligation) vein followed by removing (stripping) of the affected segment

Front 95

open heart surgery

Back 95

surgical procedure performed on or within the exposed heart, usually with the assistance of the heart-lung machine

Front 96

pericardiocentesis

Back 96

puncturing of the pericardium to remove excess fluid from the pericardial sac or to test for protein, sugar, and enzymes or determine causative organism for pericarditis

Front 97

thrombolysis

Back 97

deconstruction of a blood clot using anticlotting agents called clot-busters, such as tissue plasminogen activator

Front 98

valvotomy

Back 98

incision of a valve to increase size of the opening; used in treating mitral stenosis

Front 99

venipuncture

Back 99

puncture of a vein by a needle attached to a syringe or catheter to withdraw a specimen of blood, also called phlebotomy