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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
anatomical position
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base position for health professions when describing planes positions or directions
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body planes
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reference planes for indicating the locations or direction of body parts
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coronal or frontal plane
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vertical division of the body into front and back
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sagittal plane
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place vertical division of the body into right and left portion
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transverse plane
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horizontal division of the body into upper and lower potions
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anterior (A) (ventral)
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front of the body
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posterior (P) (dorsal)
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back of the body
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anterior-posterior (AP)
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from front to back
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posterior-anterior (PA)
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from back to front
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superior (cephalic)
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situated above another structure; towards the head
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inferior (caudal)
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situated below another structure; away from the head
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proximal
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toward the beginning or origin of a structure
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distal
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away from the beginning or origin of a structure
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medial
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toward the middle
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lateral
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toward the side
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axis
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line that runs through the center of the body or body part
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erect
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normal standing position
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decubitus
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lying down
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prone
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lying face down
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recumbent
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lying down
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flexion
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bending at the joint so the angle between bones is decreases
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extenrion
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straitening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased
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abduction
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movement away from the body
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adduction
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movement toward the body
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rotation
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circular movement around an axis
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eversion
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turning outward
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inversion
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turning inward
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supination
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turning upward or forward of the palmer surface
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pronation
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turning downward or backward of the palmer surface
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dorsiflexion
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bending of the foot or toes upward
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plantar flexion
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bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
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range of motion (ROM)
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total motion possible in a joint
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goniometer
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instrument used to measure joint angles
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arthralgia
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joint pain
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atrophy
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shrinking of tissue
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crepitation
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grating sound sometimes made by movement of a joint or broken bone
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crepitus
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grating sound sometimes made by movement of a joint or broken bone
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exostosis
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a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage
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flaccid
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flabby, relaxed, or having defective of absent muscle tone
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hypertrophy
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increase in the size of muscle
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hypotonia
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reduced muscle tension
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myodynia myalgia
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muscle pain
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myodynia myoalgia
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muscle pain
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rigor or rigidity
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stiffness; stiff muscle
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spasm
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drawing in; involuntary muscle contraction
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spastic
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uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles causing stiff and awkward movements
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tetany
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tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction
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tremor
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shaking; rhythmic muscular movement
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ankylosis
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stiff joint condition
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arthritis
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inflammation of the joints
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osteoarthritis, degenerative arthritis, degenerative joint disease (DJD)
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most common arthritis, especially affecting weight-bearing joints characterized by erosion of articular cartilage
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rheumatoid arthritis
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most crippling form of arthritis, characterized by chronic, systemic inflammation most often affecting joints and synovial membranes, causing ankylosis and deformity
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gouty arthritis
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acute attacks of arthritis usually in a single joint caused by hyperuricemia (excessive uric acid in the blood)
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sequestrum, bony necrosis
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bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply
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bunion
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swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa
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bursistis
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inflammation of the bursa
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chondromalacia
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softening of cartilage
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epiphysitis
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inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone
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fracture (Fx)
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broken or cracked bone
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closed fracture
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broken bone with no open wound
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open fracture
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compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound
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simple fracture
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a nondisplaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair
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complex fracture
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a displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair
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fracture line
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the line of the break in a broken bone (oblique, spiral, transverse)
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comminuted fracture
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broken in many pieces
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greenstick fracture
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bending and incomplete break of a bone – most often seen in children
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herniated disk or disc
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protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented invertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
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myeloma
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bone marrow tumor
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myositis
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inflammation of the muscle
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myoma
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muscle tumor
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leiomynoma
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smooth muscle tumor
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leiomyosarcoma
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malignant smooth muscle tumor
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rhabdomyoma
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skeletal muscle tumor
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rhabdomysarcoma
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malignant skeletal muscle tumor
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muscular dystrophy
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a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscle (Duchene’s)
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osteoma
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bone tumor
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osteosarcoma
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type of malignant bone tumor
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osteomalacia
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disease marked by softening of the bone casued by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
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rickets
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osteomalacia in children
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osteomyelitis
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infection of bone and bone marrow causing inflammation
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osteoporosis
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condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become more brittle
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spinal curvatures
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spinal curvatures
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kyphosis
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abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (humped-back)
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lordosis
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abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine
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scoliosis
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abnormal lateral curve (s shaped)
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spondylolisthesis
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forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra
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spondylosis
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stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae
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sprain
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injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation of fracture
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subluxation
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a partial dislocation
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tendonitis, tendonitis
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inflammation of a tendon
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electromyogram (EMG)
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a neurodiagnostic graphic record of the electrical activity of the muscle at rest and during contraction
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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non ionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radio frequencies to visualize anatomic structures
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nuclear medicine imaging, radionuclide organ imaging
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injected or ingested radioacticty for visualizing structures
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bone scan
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a nuclear scan of bone tissue to detect a problem
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radiography
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an imaging modality using x-ray to diagnose conditions or impairments some where in the body
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arthrogram
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a radiograph of a joint taken after injection of a contrast medium
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computed tomography (CT), computed axial tomography (CAT)
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radiological procedure using a machine scanner to take a series of cross-sectional x-ray images in a full circle rotation
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sonography
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use of high frequency sounds waves to make an image of tissues or structures
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amputation
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partial or complete removal of a limb; AKA, above knee amputation, or BKA, below knee amputation
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arthrocentesis
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puncture for aspiration of a joint
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arthrodesis
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binding or fusing of joint surfaces
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arthroplasty
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repair or reconstruction of a joint
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arthroscopy
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procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint form within
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bone grafting
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transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect
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bursectomy
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excision of a bursa
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open reduction internal fixation (ORIF)
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internal surgical repair of a facture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them into place with devices such as plates, screws, and pins
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osteotomy
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an incision into bone
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osteoplasty
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repair of bone
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spondylosyndesis
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spinal fusion
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tenotomy
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division by incision of a tendon to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle
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closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture
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external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing
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casting
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use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing
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splinting
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use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part
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traction (Tx)
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application of pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position for healing
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closed reduction percutaneous fixation of a fracture
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external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position—often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing
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orthosis (brace)
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use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone’s position or to provide limb support
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physical therapy (PT)
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treatment to rehabilitation patients disabled by illness or injury, including exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultra sound
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prosthesis
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an artificial replacement for a missing body part
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analgesic
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a drug the relives pain
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narcotic
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a potent analgesic with addictive properties
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anti-inflammatory
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a drug that reduces inflammation
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antipyretic
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a drug that relives fever
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nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
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a group of drugs with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties used to treat arthritis
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