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372 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

acetabulum

rounded depression in pelvis that joins the femur, forming the hip joint

acromion

outward extension of shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder

articular cartilage

thin layer of cartilage covering the bone in the joint space

bone

dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton

bone depression

opening or hollow region serving as a connection for bones, or passageway for blood vessels and nerves

bone process

enlarged area that extends from bones as an attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments

calcium

mineral constituent of bones

cancellous bone

spongy, porous bone tissue in inner part of the bone

cartilage

flexible, rubbery, connective tissue

collagen

dense, connective tissue protein strands doing in bone and other tissues

compact bone

hard, dense bone tissue, usually around outer portions of bones

cranial bones

skull bones (ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal)

diaphysis

shaft or mid portion of a long bone

disk (disc)

flat, round, plate like structure

epiphyseal plate

cartilaginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes in the immature skeleton

epiphysis

each end of a long bone

facial bones

bones of the face (lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic)

fontanelle

soft spot (incomplete bone formation) between the skull bones of an infant

foramen magnum

opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes

haversian canals

minute spaces filled with blood vessels; found in compact bone

ligament

fibrous tissue connecting bones to other bones

malleolus

round process on both sides of the ankle joint

manubrium

upper portion of the sternum

mastoid process

round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear

medullary cavity

central, hollowed out area in the shaft of a long bone

metaphysis

flared portion of a long bone between the diaphysis and the epiphyseal plate

olecranon

large process on the proximal end of the ulna

osseous tissue

bone tissue

ossification

process of bone formation

osteoblast

bone cell that helps form bony tissue

osteoclast

bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bony tissue

periosteum

membrane surrounding bones; rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue

phosphorus

mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium

physiatrist

medical doctor who specializes in rehabilitation

pubic symphysis

area of confluence of the two pubic bones in the pelvis

red bone marrow

doing in cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis

ribs

twelve pairs of curved bones that form the chest wall


1-7: true ribs


8-10: false ribs


10-12: floating ribs

sella turica

depression in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland is located

sinus

hollow air cavity within a bone

styloid process

pole-like process extending downward from the temporal bone on each side of the skull

suture

immovable joint between two bones

temporomandibular joint

connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and the mandibular bone of the jaw

tendon

fibrous connection between muscle and bone

trabeculae

supporting bundles of bony fibres in cancellous bone

vertebra

individual segment of the spine composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, and lamina

xyphoid process

lower, narrow portion of the sternum

yellow bone marrow

fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity of most adult long bones

calc/o calci/o

calcium

kyph/o

posterior curvature in thoracic region

lamin/o

lamina

lord/o

curve

lumb/o

loins, lower back

myel/o

bone marrow

orth/o

straight

oste/o

bone

scoli/o

crooked

spondyl/o

vertebra

-blast

embryonic cell

-clast

to break

-lithesis

slipping

-malacia

softening

-physis

to grow

-porosis

pore, passage

-tome

instrument to cut

acetabul/l

hip socket (acetabulum)

calcane/o

calcaneus (heal)

carp/o

carpals

clavicul/o

clavicle

cost/o

ribs

crani/o

cranium

femor/o

femur (thigh bone)

fibul/o

fibula (smaller lower leg bone)

humer/o

humerus (upper arm bone)

ili/o

ilium (upper part of pelvic bone)

ischi/o

ischium (part of pelvic bone)

malleol/o

malleoulus

mandibul/o

mandible

maxill/o

maxilla (upper jaw)

metacarp/o

metacarpals (hand bones)

metatars/o

metatarsals (foot bones)

olecran/o

olecran (elbow)

patell/o

patella (kneecap)

pelvi/o

pelvis

perone/o

fibula

phalang/o

phalanges

pub/o

pubis

radi/o

radius

scapul/o

scapula (shoulder blade)

stern/o

sternum

tars/o

tarsals

tibi/o

tibia (shin bone)

uln/o

ulna (lower arm bone)

articular cartilage

smooth, glistening white tissue that covers the surface of a joint

articulation

any type of joint

bursa

sac of fluid near a joint

ligament

connective tissue binding bones to bones

meniscus

crescent shaped fibrocartilaginous structure found in the knee

synovial cavity

space between bones at a synovial joint

synovial fluid

viscous fluid within the synovial cavity

synovial joint

freely movable joint

synovial membrane

tissue lining the synovial cavity; produces synovial fluid

tendon

connective tissue that binds muscle to bones

ankyl/o

stiff

arthr/o

joint

articul/o

joint

burs/o

bursa

chondr/o

cartilage

ligament/o

ligament

rheumat/o

watery flow

synov/o

synovial membrane

ten/o

tendon

tendin/o

tendon

-desis

to bind, tie together

-stenosis

narrowing

abduction

movement away from midline of the body

adduction

movement towards midline of the body

dorsiflexion

backward (upward) bending of the foot

extension

straightening of a flexed limb

fascia

fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles

insertion of a muscle

connection of the muscle to a bone that moves

origin of a muscle

connection of the muscle to a stationary bone

plantar flexion

bending the sole of the foot downward toward the ground

pronation

turning the palm downward

rotation

circular movement around a central point

skeletal muscle

muscle connected to bones; voluntary or striated muscle

smooth muscle

visceral muscle

striated muscle

skeletal muscle

supination

turning the palm upward

visceral muscle

muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or smooth muscle

fasci/o

fascia

fibr/o

fibrous

leiomy/o

smooth muscle

my/o

muscle

myocardi/o

heart muscle

myos/o

muscle

plant/o

sole of the foot

rhabdomy/o

skeletal muscle connected to bones

-asthenia

lack of strength

-trophy

development, nourishment

ab-

away from

ad-

toward

dorsi-

back

poly-

many, much

adipocyte

fat cell

apocrine sweat gland

one of the large dermal exocrine glands located in the axilla and genital areas

basal layer

deepest region of the epidermis; gives rise to all epidermal cell

collagen

structural protein found in the skin and connective tissue

cuticle

band of epidermis at the base and sides of the nail plate

dermis

middle layer of skin

eccrine sweat gland

most numerous sweat producing gland in skin

epidermis

outermost layer of skin

epithelium

layer of skin cells forming the outer layer and inner surface of the body

hair follicle

sac within which each hair grows

integumentary system

the skin and it's accessory structures such as hair and nails

keratin

hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair and nails

lunula

half Moon shaped whitish area at the base of the nail

melanin

skin pigment formed by melanocytes in the epidermis

paronychium

soft tissue surrounding the nail border

pore

tiny opening on the surface of the skin

sebaceous gland

oil secreting gland in the dermis that is associated with hair follicles

sebum

oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands

squamous epithelium

flat, scale like cells composing the epidermis

stratified

arranged in layers

stratum

a layer of cells

stratum corneum

outermost layer of epidermis; consists of flattened keratinized cells

subcutaneous layer

innermost layer of the skin, containing fat tissue

adip/o

fat

caus/o

burn

cauter/o

heat, burning

cutane/o

skin

derm/o

skin

dermat/o

skin

diaphor/o

profuse sweating

erythem/o

redness

hidr/o

sweat

ichthy/o

scaly, dry

kerat/o

hard, horny tissue

melan/o

black

myc/o

fungus

onchy/o

nail

phyt/o

plant

pil/o

hair, hair follicle

py/o

pus

rhythid/o

wrinkle

Seb/o

sebum

squam/o

scale like

steat/o

fat

trich/o

hair

ungu/o

nail

xanth/o

yellow

xer/o

dry

accommodation

normal adjustment of the eye to focus on objects from far to near

anterior chamber

the area behind the cornea and in front of the lens and iris

aqueous humor

fluid produced by the ciliary body and found in the anterior chamber

biconvex

consisting of two surfaces that are rounded, elevated, and curved evenly (lens of the eye)

choroid

middle, vascular layer of the eye between the retina and the sclera

ciliary body

structure surrounding the lens that connects the choroid and iris; controls shape of lens and secretes aqueous humor

cone

photoreceptor cell in the retina that transforms light energy into a nerve impulse; responsible for color and central vision

conjuctiva

delicate membrane that lines the undersurface of eyelids and covers anterior eyeball

cornea

fibrous transparent layer of clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of eyeball

cornea

fibrous transparent layer that extends over anterior portion of the eyeball

fovea centralis

tiny depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision

fundus of the eye

posterior, inner part of the eye

iris

pigmented layer that opens and closes to allow more or less light into the eye

lens

transparent biconvex body behind the pupil

macula

yellowish region on the retinal lateral to and slightly below the optic disc

optic chasm

the point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain

optic disc

the region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina ; blind spot

optic nerve

cranial nerve carrying impulses from the retina to the brain

pupil

central opening of the eye

refraction

bending of light rays by the cornea, lens, and fluids in the eye to focus on the retina

retina

light sensitive nerve cell layer of the eye

rod

photoreceptor cell of retina essential for vision in dim light and for peripheral vision

sclera

tough, white outer coat of the eye

thalamus

relay center for the brain

vitreous humor

soft, jelly like material behind the lens in the vitreous chamber

aque/o

water

blephar/o

eyelid

conjunctiv/o

conjunctiva

Cor/o

pupil

corne/o

cornea

cycl/o

ciliary body

dacry/o

tears, tear ducts

ir/o

iris

irid/o

iris

kerat/o

cornea

lacrim/o

tears

ocul/o

eye

opthalm/o

eye

opt/o

eye or vision

optic/o

eye or vision

palpebr/o

eyelid

papill/o

optic disc

phac/o

lens of the eye

phak/o

lens of the eye

pupill/o

pupil

retin/o

retina

scler/o

sclera

uve/o

uvea

vitre/o

glassy

ambly/o

dull, dim

dipl/o

double

glauc/o

gray

mi/o

smaller, less

mydr/o

widen, enlarge

nyct/o

night

phot/o

light

presby/o

old age

Scot/o

darkness

xer/o

dry

-opia

vision

-opsia

vision

-tropia

to turn

auditory canal

channel that leads from the pinna to the eardrum

auditory meatus

auditory canal

auditory nerve fibers

carry impulses from the inner ear to the brain

auditory tube

channel between the middle ear and nasopharynx; eustachian tube

auricle

flap of the ear, pinna

cerumen

earwax

cochlea

snail shaped spirally wound tube in the inner ear

endolymph

fluid within the labrynth of the inner ear

eustachian tube

auditory tube

incus

second ossicle of the middle ear

labrinth

maze like series of canals in the inner ear

malleus

first ossicle of the middle ear

organ of corti

sensitive auditory receptor area found in the cochlea of the inner ear

ossicle

small bone of the ear

oval window

membrane between the middle ear and the inner ear

perilymph

fluid contained in the labrynth

pinna

auricle, ear flap

semicircular canals

passages in the inner ear associated with maintaining equilibrium

stapes

third ossicle of the middle ear

tympanic membrane

membrane between the outer and middle ear (eardrum)

vestibule

central cavity of the labrynth connecting the semicircular canals and the cochlea

acous/o

hearing

audi/o

hearing

audit/o

hearing

aur/o

ear

auricul/o

ear

cochle/o

cochlea

mastoid/o

mastoid process

myring/o

ear drum, tympanic membrane

ossicul/o

ossicle

ot/o

ear

salping/o

eustachian tube

staped/o

stapes

tyman/o

eardrum, tympanic membrane

vestibul/o

vestibule

-acusis or -cusis

hearing

-meter

instrument for measure

-otia

ear condition

adrenal cortex

outer section of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones

adrenal medulla

inner section of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

pancreas

located behind the stomach

parathyroid glands

four small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland

pituitary gland

located at the base of the brain in the sella turica

thyroid gland

located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin

adrenaline (norepinephrine)

secreted by the adrenal medulla; increases heart rate and blood pressure

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

secreted by the pituitary gland and stimulates the adrenal cortex

aldosterone

secreted by the adrenal cortex to increase salt reabsorption

androgen

male hormone secreted by the testes and adrenal cortex

ADH antidiuretic hormone

secreted by the pituitary to increase water reabsorption by the kidneys

calcitonin

secreted by the thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels

cortisol

secreted by the adrenal cortex to increase blood sugar

estradiol

estrogen secreted by the ovaries

estrogen

female hormone secreted by the ovaries and adrenal cortex

FSH follicle stimulating hormone

secreted by the pituitary to stimulate hormone secretion and egg production by ovaries and sperm by the testes

glucagons

secreted by alpha islet cells of pancreas; increases blood sugar

GH growth hormone (somatotropin)

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues

insulin

secreted by beta islet cells to help glucose pass into cells and promote conversion of glucose to glycogen

luteinizing hormone (LH)

secreted by the anterior lobe of pituitary gland; stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males

norepinephrine

secreted by the adrenal medulla to increase heart rate and blood pressure

oxytocin

secreted by the pituitary to stimulate contraction of the uterus during labour and child birth

parathormone

secreted by parathyroid glands; increases blood calcium

progesterone

secreted by ovaries to prepare the uterus for pregnancy

prolactin

secreted by the pituitary to promote milk secretion

somatotropin

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

thyroid stimulating hormone (tsh, thyrotropin)

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to promote thyroid function

thyroxine

secreted by the thyroid gland to increase cell metabolism

triiodothyronine

secreted by the thyroid to increase cell metabolism

vasopressin

secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; adh; raises water reabsorption and raises blood pressure

catecholamines

hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla

corticosteroids

hormone produced by the adrenal cortex

electrolyte

mineral salt found in blood and tissues

glucocorticoid

steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism

hormone

substance secreted by a gland to influence structure or function of an organ or gland

hypothalamus

region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland

mineralocorticoid

steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts and water balance in body

receptor

cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited

sella turica

cavity in the skull that contains the pituitary gland

sex hormones

steroids produced by the adrenal cortex to influence sex characteristics

steroid

complex substance related to fats and of which many hormones are made

sympathomimetic

pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system

target issue

cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones

Aden/o

gland

adrenal/o

adrenal glands

gonad/o

sex glands

pancreat/o

pancreas

parathyroid/o

parathyroid gland

pituitar/o

pituitary gland

thyroid/o

thyroid gland

andr/o

male

calc/o

calcium

cortic/o

cortex

crin/o

secrete

dips/o

thirst

estr/o

female

gluc/o

sugar

home/o

sameness

hormon/o

hormone

kal/i

potassium

lact/o

milk

myx/o

mucus

natr/o

sodium

phys/o

growing

somat/o

body

ster/o

solid structure

toc/o

childbirth

toxic/o

position

ur/o

urine

-agon

assemble, gather together

-emia

blood condition

-in -ine

a substance

-tropin

stimulating the function of

-uria

urine condition

eu-

good or normal

hyper-

excessive

hypo-

deficient

oxy-

rapid, sharp, acid

pan-

all

tetra-

four

tri-

three