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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
albumin/o
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protein
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bacteri/o
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bacteria
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cyst/o
vesic/o |
bladder or sac
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dips/o
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thirst
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glomerul/o
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glomerulus (little ball)
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gluc/o
glyc/o |
sugar
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ket/o
keton/o |
ketone bodies
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lith/o
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stone
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meat/o
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opening
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nephr/o
ren/o |
kidney
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pyel/o
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basin
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py/o
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pus
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urter/o
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ureter
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urethr/o
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urethra
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ur/o
urin/o |
urine
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kidneys
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two structues located on each side of the lumbar region that filter blood and secrete impurities, forming urine
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cortex
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outer part of the kidney (cortex=bark)
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hilum
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indented opening in the kidney where vessels enter and leave
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medulla
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inner part of the kidney
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calices (calyces)
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ducts that carry urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis
(kalyx=cup of a flower) |
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nephron
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microscopic functional units of the kidney, comprised of kidney cells and capillaries, each capable of forming urine
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glomerulus
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little ball-shaped cluster of capillaries located at the top of each nephron
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Bowman's Capsule
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the top part of the nephron that encloses the glomerulus
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renal tubule
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the stem portion of the nephron
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ureter
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the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
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renal pelvis
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the basinlike portion of the ureter within the kidney
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ureteropelvic junction
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point of connection between the renal pelvis and ureter
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urinary bladder
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sac that holds the urine
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urethra
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single canal that carries urine to the outside of the body
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urethral meatus
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opening in the urethra to the outside of the body
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urine
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fluid produced by the kidneys, containing water and waste product
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urea
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waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine
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creatinine
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waste product of muscle metabolism, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine
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albuminuria
proteinuria |
presence of albumin in the urine, such as occurs in renal disease or in normal urine after heavy exercise
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anuria
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absence of urine formation
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anuresis
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inability to pass urine
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bacteriuria
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presence of bacteria in the urine
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dysuria
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painful urination
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enuresis
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involuntary discharge of urine, usually referrinf to a lack of bladder control
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nocturnal enuresis
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bedwetting during sleep
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hematuria
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presence of blood in the urine
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incontinence
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involuntary discharge of urine or feces
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urinary stress incontinence
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involuntary discharge of urine when coughing, sneezing or strained exercise
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ketonuria
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presence of ketone bodies in the urine
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ketone bodies
ketone compounds |
acetone, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetonacetic acid are products of metabolism that appear in the urine from the body's abnormal use of carbohydrates, such as occurs in uncontrolled diabetes or starvation
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nocturia
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urination at night
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oliguria
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scanty production of urine
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pyuria
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presence of white cells in urine, usually indicating infection
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urinary retention
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retention of urine caused by an inability to void (urinate) naturally because of spasm or obstruction
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glomerulonephritis
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form of nephritis involving the glomerulus
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hydronephrosis
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pooling of urine in dilated areas of the renal pelvis and calices of one or both kidneys caused by an obstructed outflow of urine
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nephritis
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inflammation of the kidney
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pyelonephritis
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inflammation of the renal pelvis
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nephrosis
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degenerative disease of the renal tubules
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nephrolithiasis
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presence of a renal stone or stones
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cystitis
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inflammation of the bladder
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urethritis
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inflammation of the urethra
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urethral stenosis
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narrowed condition of the urethra
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urinary tract infection (UTI)
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invasion of pathogenic organisms int he urinary tract, especially the urethra and bladder; symptoms include dysuria, urinary frequency and malaise
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uremia
azotemia |
excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in the blood caused by kidney failure
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cystoscopy
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examination of the bladder using a rigid or flexible cystoscope
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kidney biopsy (Bx)
renal biopsy |
removal of kidney tissue for pathologic examination
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radiography
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x-ray studies commonly used in urology
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intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
intravenous urogram |
x-rays of the urinary tract taken after an iodine contrast medium is injected into the bloodstream
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kidney, ureter, bladder (KUB)
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abdominal x-ray of kidney, ureter, and bladder typically used as a scout film before doing an IVP
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scout film
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plain x-ray taken to detect any obvious patholog before further imaging (e.g. KUB before an IVP)
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renal angiogram
arteriogram |
x-ray of the renal artery made after injecting contrast material into a catheter in the artery
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retrograde pyelogram (RP)
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x-ray of the ureters, bladder, and kidney taken after contrast medium is administered backward through a small catheter through a cytoscope to detect the presence of stones, obstruction and so on.
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voiding (urinating) cystourethrogram (VCU or VCGU)
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x-ray of the bladder and urethra taken during urination
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abdominal sonogram
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ultrasound image of the urinary tract, including the kidney and bladder.
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urinalysis (UA)
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physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine
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specific gravity
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measure of the concentration or dilution of urine
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pH
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measure of the acidity or alkalinity of urine
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glucose (sugar)
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chemical test used to detect sugar in the urine, used most often to screen for diabetes
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albumin (alb)
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chemical test used to detect the presence of albumin in the urine
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ketones
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chemical test used to detect presence of ketone bodies in the urine; positive test indicated fats are being used by the body instead of carbohydrates, which occurs in starvation or in an uncontroled diabetic state
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occult blood, urine
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chemical test for the presence of hidden blood in the urine resulting from red blood cell hemolysis; indicates bleeding in the kidneys (occult = hidden)
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bilirubin
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chemical test used to detect bilirubin in the urine; seen in gallbladder and liver disease
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urobilirubin
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chemical test used to detect bile pigment in the urine - increased amounts seen in gallblader and liver disease
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nitrite
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chemical test to determine the presence of bacteria in the urine
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microscopic findings
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microscopic indentification of abnormal constituents present in the urine (e.g. red blood cells, white blood cells, casts) reported per high or low power field (hpf or lpf)
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urine culture and sensitivity (C&S)
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isolation of a urine specimen in a culture medium to propagate the gowth of microorganisms; organisms that grow in the culture are identified along with the drugs to which they are sensitive
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blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
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blood test to determine the level of urea in the blood; a high BUN indicates the kidney's inability to excrete urea
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creatinine, serum
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test to determine the level of creatinine in the blood, useful in addessing kidney function
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creatinine, urine
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test to determine the level of creatine in the urine
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creatinine clearance testing
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measurements of the level of creatinine in the blood and a 24-hour urine specimen to determine the rate that creatinine is "cleared" from the blood and kidneys
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urologic endoscopic surgery
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use of specialized endoscopes (e.g. resectoscope) within the urinary tract to perform various surgical procedures such as resection of a tumor, repair of an obstruction, stone retrival, palcement of a stent, and so on
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resectoscope
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urologic endoscope inserted through the urethra to resect (cut and remove) lesions of bladder, urethra, or prostate
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intracorporeal lithotripsy
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method of destroying stones within the urinary tract using electrical energy discharges transmitter to a probe within a flexable endoscope; most commonly used to pulverize bladder stones
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nephrotomy
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incision into the kidney
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nephrorrhaphy
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suture of an injured kidney
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nephrolithotomy
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incision into the kidney for the removal of stones
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nephrectomy
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excision of a kidney
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pyeloplasty
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surgical reconstruction of the renal pelvis
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stent placement
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use of a device (stent) to hold open vessels or tubes (e.g., an obstructed ureter)
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kidney transplantation
renal transplantation |
transfer of a kidney from the body of one person (donor) to another
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urinary diversion
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creation of a temporary or permanent diversion of the urinary tract to provide a new passage through which urine exits the body; used to treat defects or disease such as bladder cancer
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noncontinent ileal conduit
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removal of a portion of the ileum to use as a conduit to which the ureters are attached at one end; the other end is brought through an opening (stoma) created in the abdomen - urine drains continually into an external appliance (bag)
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continent urostomy
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an internal reservoir (pouch) constructed from a segment of intestine which diverts urine through an opening (stoma) that is brought through the abdominal wall - a value is created internally to prevent leakage and patient empties the pouch by catheterization
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orthotopic bladder neobladder
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bladder constructed from portions of intestine connected to the urethra allowing "natural" voiding
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extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
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procedure using ulrasound outside the body to bombard and disintegrate a stone within; most commonly used to treat urinary stones above the bladder
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kidney dialysis
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methods of filtering inpurities from the blood, replacing the function of one or both kidneys lost in renal failure
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hemodialysis
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method of removing impurities by pumping the patient's blood through a dialyzer, the specialzed filter of the artifical kidney machine (hemodialyzer)
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peritoneal dialysis
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method of removing impurities using the peritonuem as the filter; a catheter inserted in the peritoneal cavity delivers cleansing fluid (dialysate) that is washed in and out in cycles
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analgesic
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drug that relives pain
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antibiotic
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drug that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms
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antispasmodic
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drug that relieves spasm
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diuretic
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drug that increses the secretion of urine
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