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408 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The musculoskeletal system includes the ____, ____ and ____.
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bones
muscles joints |
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provide the framework around which the body is constructed and protect and support internal organs
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bones
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the places at which bones come together
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joints
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responsible for movement, whether attached to bones or to internal organs and blood vessels
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muscles
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physicians who treat bone and joint diseases
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orthopedists
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orth/o
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straight
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ped/o
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child
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physicians who primarily treat joint diseases
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rheumatologists
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rheumat/o
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watery flow
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a school of medicine using diagnostic and therapeutic measures based on the belief that the body is capable of healing itself when bones are in proper position and adequate nutrition is provided
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osteopathic physicians (osteopaths, DOs)
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chir/o
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hand
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use physical means to manipulate the spinal column, believing that disease is caused by pressure on nerves
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chiropractors
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osseous
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bony
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____ are complete organs composed chiefly of connective tissue
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bones
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bone cells
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osteocytes
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dense connective tissue strands
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collagen
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Osseous tissue consists of a combination of ____, ____, and intercellular ____.
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osteocytes
collagen calcium salts |
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resembles osseous tissue but is more flexible and less dense because of a lack of calcium salts in its intercellular spaces
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cartilaginous tissue
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bone formation
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ossification
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immature osteocytes that produce the bony tissue that replaces cartilage during ossification
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osteoblasts
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large cells that reabsorb (digest) bony tissue
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osteoclasts
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-clast
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to break
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osteoclasts are also called ____
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bone phagocytes
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the formation of bone depends largely on a proper supply of ____ and ____ along with a sufficient amount of vitamin D
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calcium
phosphorus |
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____ helps calcium to pass through the lining of the small intestine and into the bloodstream
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vitamin D
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the necessary level of calcium in the blood is maintained by the ____
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parathyroid gland
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number of bones in the body
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206
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____ bones are found in the thigh, lower leg, and upper and lower arm
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long
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____ bones are found in the wrist and ankle and are small with irregular shapes
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short
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____ bones are found covering soft body parts (shoulder blades, ribs, pelvic bones)
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flat
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small rounded bones resembling a sesame seed in shape (e.g., kneecap)
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sesamoid
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the shaft, or middle region, of a long bone
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diaphysis
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each end of a long bone
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epiphysis
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an area of cartilage tissue that is constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows; more commonly known as the growth plate
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epiphyseal line or plate
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the flared portion of the bone, adjacent to the epiphysis plate
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metaphysis
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a strong fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the surface of long bones, except at the ends of the epiphyses
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periosteum
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the ends of long bones and the surface of any bone that meets another bone to form a joint are covered with ____
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articular cartilage
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a layer of hard, dense bone that lies under the periosteum in all bones and lies chiefly around the diaphysis of long bones
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compact (cortical) bone
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small canals containing blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the bone and remove waste products
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haversian canals
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____ bone marrow is composed chiefly of fat cells
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yellow
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compact bone is tunneled out in the central shaft of the long bones by a ____
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medullary cavity
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bone that is much more porous and less dense than compact bone
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cancellous bone, or spongy or trabecular bone
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interwoven bony fibers that make up a spongy latticework, found largely in the epiphyses and metaphyses of long bones and in the middle portion of most other bones
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trabeculae
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spaces in cancellous bone contain ____ bone marrow
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red
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enlarged areas that extend out from bones to serve as attachments for muscles and tendons
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bone processes
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rounded end of a bone separated from the body of the bone by a neck, usually covered by articular cartilage
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bone head
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in the femur, the bone head is called the ____
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femoral head
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large process on the femur for attachment of tendons and muscle
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greater trochanter
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smaller process on the femur
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lesser trochanter
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rounded process on many bones for attachment of tendons and muscles
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tubercle
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another small, rounded elevation on a bone
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tuberosity
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rounded, knuckle-like process at the joint, usually covered by articular cartilage
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condyle
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separates the bone head from the rest of the bone
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bone neck
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a shallow depression or cavity in a bone
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fossa
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opening for blood vessels and nerves
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foramen
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narrow, deep, slit-like opening
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fissure
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hollow cavity within a bone
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sinus
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the cranial bones join each other at joints called ____
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sutures
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soft spots in the skulls of newborns
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fontanelles
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forms the forehead and the roof of the bony sockets that contain the eyes
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frontal bone
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the two bones (one on each side of the skull) that form the roof and upper part of the sides of the cranium
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parietal
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ment/o
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chin
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the two bones that form the lower sides and base of the cranium
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temporal
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the area of connection between the temporal and mandibular bones
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temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
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a round process of the temporal bone behind the ear
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mastoid process
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mast/o
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breast
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projects downward from the temporal bone
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styloid process
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styl/o
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pole, stake
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bone that forms the back and base of the skull and joins the parietal and temporal bones, forming a suture
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occipital
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an opening in the inferior portion of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes
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foramen magnum
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the bat-shaped bone that extends behind the eyes and forms part of the base of the skull
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sphenoid
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a depression in the sphenoid bone in which the pituitary gland is located
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sella turcica
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the thin, delicate bone that supports the nasal cavity and forms part of the orbits of the eyes
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ethmoid
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ethm/o
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sieve
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the two slender bones that support the bridge of the nose
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nasal
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nas/o
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nose
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the two small, thin bones located at the corner of each eye
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lacrimal
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lacrim/o
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tear
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the two large bones that compose the massive upper jawbones
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maxillary
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jawbones
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maxillae
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the condition that results when the maxillary bones do not come together normally before birth
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cleft palate
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the lower jawbone
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mandibular bone, mandible
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sockets in which the teeth are embedded
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alveoli
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the two bones, one on each side of the face, that form the high portion of the cheek
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zygomatic
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the thin, single, flat bone that forms the lower portion of the nasal septum
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vomer
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air cavities
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sinuses
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composed of 26 bone segments, called vertebrae
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spinal (vertebral) column
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number of divisions in the spinal column
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five
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pads of cartilage that separate the vertebrae
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intervertebral disks (discs)
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the five divisions of the spinal column
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cervical
thoracic lumbar sacrum coccyx |
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the ____ and ___ vertebrae do not articulate with the ribs
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cervical
lumbar |
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number of cervical vertebrae
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7 (C1-C7)
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number of thoracic vertebrae
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12 (T1-T12)
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number of lumbar vertebrae
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5 (L1-L5)
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the strongest and largest of the vertebrae
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lumbar
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tailbone
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coccyx
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anterior portion of the vertebrae
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vertebral body
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posterior portion of the vertebrae consists of a single ____, a ____ on both sides of it, and a bar-like ____ on either side
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spinous process
transverse process lamina |
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the ___ and ___ curves are present at birth
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sacral
thoracic |
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the ____ curvature develops when the infant holds the head erect
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cervical
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the ____ curvature develops as the infant begins to stand and walk
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lumbar
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the space between the vertebral body and the vertebral arch through which the spinal cord passes
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neural canal
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collar bone
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clavicle
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shoulder blade
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scapula
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extension of the scapula that joins with the clavicle to form a joint above the shoulder
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acromion
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acr/o
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extremity
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om/o
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shoulder
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breastbone
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sternum
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the lower portion of the sternum
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xiphoid process
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xiph/o
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sword
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the upper portion of the sternum
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manubrium
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number of pairs of ribs
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12
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the first 7 pairs of ribs join the sternum anteriorly through these attachments
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costal cartilages
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true ribs
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ribs 1 to 7
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false ribs
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ribs 8 to 10
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floating ribs
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ribs 11 and 12
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upper arm bone
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humerus
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medial lower arm bone
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ulna
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the proximal bony process of the ulna at the elbow
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olecranon
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lateral lower arm bone
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radius
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wrist bones
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carpals
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the five radiating bones in the fingers
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metacarpals
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finger bones
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phalanges
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each finger (except the thumb) has ____ phalanges
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three
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the depression in the scapula into which the humerus fits
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glenoid fossa
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the first of the tarsal bones
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talus
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the tibula, fibula and talus come together to form the ____
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ankle joint
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bones of the hind part of the foot
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tarsals
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the largest of the tarsals; the heel bone
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calcaneus
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bones of the midfoot, lead to the phalanges of the toes
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metatarsals
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bones of the forefoot
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phalanges of the toes
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hip socket
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acetabulum
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wrist bones
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carpals
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calc/o, calci/o
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calcium
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kyph/o
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humpback, hunchback
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lamin/o
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lamina (part of the vertebral arch)
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lord/o
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curve, swayback
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lumb/o
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loins, lower back
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myel/o
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bone marrow
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orth/o
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bone
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oste/o
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bone
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scoli/o
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crooked, bent
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spondyl/o (used to make words about conditions of the structure)
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vertebra
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a higher-than-normal level of calcium
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hypercalcemia
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de-
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less or lack of
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-fication
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the process of making
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the process of making less calcium
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decalcification
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the condition of having a humpback; increased posterior curvature of thoracic spine
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kyphosis
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an operation performed to relieve the symptoms of compression of the spinal cord or spinal nerve roots
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laminectomy
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the normal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine becomes exaggerated
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lordosis
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pertaining to the loins or lower back
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lumbar
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pertaining to the lumbar and sacral regions
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lumbosacral
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the formation of bone marrow
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myelopoiesis
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the medical specialty concerned with correction of deformities or functional impairments of the skeletal system
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orthopedics
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bone inflammation
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osteitis
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defective bone formation
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osteodystrophy
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bone formation
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osteogenesis
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a genetic disorder involving defective development of bones which are brittle and fragile
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osteogenesis imperfecta
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the spinal column is bent abnormally to the side
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scoliosis
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degeneration of the intervertebral disks in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions
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spondylosis
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vetebr/o
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vertebra
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pertaining to the vertebrae
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vertebral
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-blast
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embryonic or immature cell
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-clast
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to break
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-listhesis
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slipping
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-malacia
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softening
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-physis
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to grow
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-porosis
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pore, passage
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-tome
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instrument, to cut
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the cell that synthesizes collagen and protein to form bone tissue
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osteoblast
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the cell that breaks down bone to remove bone tissue
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osteoclast
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the foward slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra over a lower vertebra
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spondylolisthesis
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a condition in which vitamin D deficiency leads to decalcification of bones; known as rickets in children
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osteomalacia
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a growth upon
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epiphysis
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the fixed joint at the front of the pelvic girdle where the halves of the pubis meet
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pubic symphysis
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loss of bony tissue with decreased mass of bone
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osteoporosis
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the surgical chisel designed to cut bone
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osteotome
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pertaining to the hip socket
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acetabular
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pertaining to the calcaneus
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calcaneal
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carp/o
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carpals (wrist bones)
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calcane/o
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calcaneus
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acetabul/o
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acetabulum
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clavicul/o
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clavicle
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cost/o
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ribs (true, false, floating)
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pertaining to the wrist bones
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carpal
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above the clavicle
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supraclavicular
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supra-
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above
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below the ribs
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subcostal
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cartilage that is attached to the ribs
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chondrocostal
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crani/o
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cranium
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femor/o
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femur (thigh bone)
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fibul/o
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fibula
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humer/o
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humerus
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ili/o
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ilium
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ischi/o
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ischium
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malleol/o
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malleolus (process on each side of the ankle)
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mandibul/o
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mandible (lower jaw bone)
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maxill/o
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maxilla (upper jaw bone)
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metacarp/o
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metacarpals
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metatars/o
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metatarsals (foot bones)
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olecran/o
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olecranon (elbow)
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patell/o
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patella
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pelv/i
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pelvis
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perone/o
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fibula
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phalang/o
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phalanges
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pub/o
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pubis
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incision into the cranium; any operation on the cranium
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craniotomy
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an instrument for use in performing craniotomy
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craniotome
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pertaining to the femur
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femoral
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pertaining to the fibula
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fibular
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pertaining to the humerus
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humeral
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pertaining to the ilium
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iliac
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pertaining to the ischium
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ischial
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pertaining to the malleolus
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malleolar
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pertaining to the mandible
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mandibular
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pertaining to the maxilla (upper jaw bone)
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maxillary
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excision of a metacarpal bone
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metacarpectomy
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pain in the metatarsal region
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metatarsalgia
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pertaining to the elbow
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olecranal
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pertaining to the kneecap
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patellar
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the measurement of the dimensions and capacity of the pelvis
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pelvimetry
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pertaining to the fibula
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peroneal
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pertaining to the finger and/or toe bones
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phalangeal
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pertaining to the pubis
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pubic
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radi/o
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radius (lower arm bone - thumb side)
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scapul/o
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scapula (shoulder blade)
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stern/o
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sternum
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tars/o
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tarsals
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tibi/o
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tibia (shin bone)
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uln/o
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ulna
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excision of the tarsus
|
tarsectomy
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Ewing sarcoma
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malignant bone tumor
|
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bony growth arising from the surface of bone
|
exostosis
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ex-
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out
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-ostosis
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condition of the bone
|
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exostoses composed of cartilage and bone
|
osteochondromas
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a swelling of the metarsophalangeal joint near the base of the big toe, accompanied by the buildup of soft tissue and underlying bone
|
bunion
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traumatic breaking of a bone
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fracture
|
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bone is broken but there is no open wound in the skin
|
closed fracture
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bone is broken and a fragment of bone protudes through an open wound in the skin
|
open (compound) fracture
|
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broken bone caused by disease of the bone which makes it weak
|
pathologic fracture
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the crackling sound produced when ends of bones rub each other or rub against roughened cartilage
|
crepitus
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bone break that occurs near the wrist joint at the lower end of the radius
|
colles fracture
|
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bone is splintered or crushed into several pieces
|
comminuted fracture
|
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bone breaks in only one place
|
simple fracture
|
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bone is compressed; often occurs in vertebrae
|
compression fracture
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bone is partially broken (breaks on one surface, only bends on the other); occurs in children
|
greenstick fracture
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bone break in which one fragment is driven firmly into the other
|
impacted fracture
|
|
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treatment of fractures involves ____, which is restoration of the bone to its normal position
|
reduction
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a manipulative reduction without a surgical incision
|
closed reduction
|
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a reduction in which an incision is made into the fracture site
|
open reduction
|
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ORIF
|
open reduction/internal fixation (for fixing bone breaks)
|
|
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solid mold of the body part applied to the fracture to immobilize the injured bone
|
cast
|
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|
malignant tumor arising from bone
|
osteosarcoma
|
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malignant tumors from other parts of the body that matastasize to bones
|
metastatic bone lesions
|
|
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softening of bone, with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone; primarily a disease of infancy and childhood
|
osteomalacia (known as rickets in children)
|
|
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inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection
|
osteomyelitis
|
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|
decrease in bone density; thinning and weakening of bone
|
osteoporosis
|
|
|
congenital abnormality of the hindfoot
|
talipes
|
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talipes equinovarus
|
clubfoot
|
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articulation
|
any joint
|
|
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joint in which apposed surfaces are closely united; motion is minimal
|
suture joint
|
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freely moveable joints (e.g., elbow, ball-and-socket)
|
synovial
|
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the bones in a synovial joint are surrounded by a ____
|
joint capsule
|
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connective tissue binding bones to other bones
|
ligaments
|
|
|
viscous fluid within the synovial cavity
|
synovial fluid
|
|
|
bones at the joint are covered with a smooth surface called the ____
|
articular cartilage
|
|
|
membrane lining the synovial cavity; produces synovial fluid
|
synovial membrane
|
|
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connective tissue that binds muscles to bones
|
tendon
|
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ankyl/o
|
stiff
|
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arthr/o
|
joint
|
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articul/o
|
joint
|
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burs/o
|
bursa
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chondr/o
|
cartilage
|
|
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rheumat/o
|
watery flow
|
|
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synov/o
|
synovial membrane
|
|
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ten/o
|
tendon
|
|
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tendin/o
|
tendon
|
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|
-desis
|
to bind, tie together
|
|
|
-stenosis
|
narrowing
|
|
|
a fusion of bones across a joint space by either bone tissue or growth of fibrous tissue; most often occurs in RA
|
ankylosis
|
|
|
plastic surgery of a joint (joint replacement)
|
arthroplasty
|
|
|
surgical incision of a joint
|
arthrotomy
|
|
|
extravasation of blood into a joint or its synovial cavity; joint bleeding
|
hemarthrosis
|
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synovial fluid collects abnormally in the joint
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hydrarthrosis
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inflammation of several joints together
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polyarthritis
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joint cartilage
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articular cartilage
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bursa inflammation
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bursitis
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an inherited condition in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size; dwarfism results
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achondroplasia
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benign tumor of cartilage
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chondroma
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softening and roughening of the articular cartilaginous surface
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chondromalacia
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pertaining to the ligament
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ligamentous
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a specialist in rheumatic conditions
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rheumatologist
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inflammation of the synovial membrane
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synovitis
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ten/o
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tendon
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tendin/o
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tendon
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-desis
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to bind, tie together
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-stenosis
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narrowing
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suture of the divided ends of a tendon
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tenorrhaphy
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inflammation of the lining of the sheath that surrounds a tendon
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tenosynovitis
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inflammation of the tendons
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tendinitis
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bones are fused across the joint space by surgery
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arthrodesis
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narrowing of the neural canal or nerve root canals in the lumbar spine
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spinal stenosis
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inflammation of joints
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arthritis
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chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine
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ankylosing spondylitis
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inflammation and painful swelling of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body
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gouty arthritis
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another name for gouty arthritis (because it chiefly affects the big toe)
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podagra
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progressive, degenerative joint disease characterized by loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone at articular surfaces
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osteoarthritis (OA)
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chronic disease in which joints become inflamed and painful
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rheumatoid arthritis
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compression (by a wrist ligament) of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist
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carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
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displacement of a bone from its joint
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dislocation
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fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or a tendon in the wrist
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ganglion
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partial or incomplete dislocation
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subluxation
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restoration of the bones to their normal positions
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reduction
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abnormal protrusion of fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disk into the neural canal or spinal nerves
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herniation of an intervertebral disk, commonly called a slipped disk
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surgical removal of a portion of the vertebral arch
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laminectomy
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a recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia, malaise, and neurologic and cardiac symptoms
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Lyme disease
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trauma to a joint with pain, swelling, and injury to ligaments
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sprain
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less serious than a sprain, involves overstretching of muscle
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strain
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chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart and lungs
|
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
|
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voluntary or skeletal muscles that move all bones
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striated
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involuntary or visceral muscles
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smooth
|
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heart muscle
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cardiac
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the point of attachment of the muscle to the stationary bone
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origin
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the point of junction of the muscle to the bone that moves
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insertion
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decreasing the angle between two bones; bending a limb
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flexion
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increasing the angle between two bones; straightening out a limb
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extension
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movement away from the midline of the body
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abduction
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movement toward the midline of the body
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adduction
|
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circular movement around an axis
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rotation
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decreasing the angle of the ankle joint so that the foot bends backward (upward)
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dorsiflexion
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motion that extends the foot downward toward the ground as when pointing the toes or stepping on the gas pedal
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plantar flexion
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as applied to the hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm forward, or up
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supination
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as applied to the hand and forearm, the act of turning the palm backward, or down
|
pronation
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straightening of a flexed limb
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extension
|
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fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles
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fascia
|
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bending at a joint
|
flexion
|
|
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connection of the muscle to a bone that moves
|
insertion
|
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|
connection of the muscle to a stationary bone
|
origin
|
|
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fasci/o
|
fascia
|
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forms sheaths enveloping muscles
|
fascia
|
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fibr/o
|
fibrous connective tissue
|
|
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leiomy/o
|
smooth (visceral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs
|
|
|
my/o
|
muscle
|
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myocardi/o
|
heart muscle
|
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myos/o
|
muscle
|
|
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plant/o
|
sole of the foot
|
|
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rhabdomy/o
|
skeletal (striated) muscle connected to bones
|
|
|
excision of fascia
|
fasciectomy
|
|
|
chronic pain and stiffness in muscles, joints, and fibrous tissue, especially of the back, shoulders, neck, hips, and knees
|
fibromyalgia
|
|
|
a benign tumor derived from smooth muscle
|
leiomyosarcoma
|
|
|
muscle pain
|
myalgia
|
|
|
test used to record the electrical activity of muscles
|
electromyography
|
|
|
any disease of a muscle
|
myopathy
|
|
|
pertaining to the heart muscle
|
myocardial
|
|
|
muscle inflammation
|
myositis
|
|
|
bending the sole of the foot
|
plantar flexion
|
|
|
a benign tumor derived from striated muscle
|
rhabdomyoma
|
|
|
a malignant tumor of the skeletal muscle (found in children)
|
rhabdomyosarcoma
|
|
|
-asthenia
|
lack of strength
|
|
|
-trophy
|
development, nourishment
|
|
|
muscles lose strength because of a failure in transmission of the nervous impulse from the nerve to the muscle cell
|
myasthenia gravis
|
|
|
decrease in size of an organ or tissue
|
atrophy
|
|
|
increase in size of an organ or tissue
|
hypertrophy
|
|
|
pertaining to atrophy of muscle tissue
|
amyotrophic
|
|
|
Lou Gehrig disease
|
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
|
|
|
disease in which muscles are affected (paralysis) by degeneration of nerves in the spinal cord and lower region of the brain
|
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
|
|
|
ab-
|
away from
|
|
|
ad-
|
toward
|
|
|
dorsi-
|
back
|
|
|
poly-
|
many, much
|
|
|
pain in many muscles
|
polymyalgia
|
|
|
a syndrome marked by aching and morning stiffness in the shoulder, hip, or neck for more than one month
|
polymyalgia rheumatica
|
|
|
a group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system
|
muscular dystrophy
|
|
|
most common form of muscular dystrophy
|
Duchenne
|
|
|
muscles appear to enlarge (as fat replaces functional muscle cells), as in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
|
pseudohypertrophy
|
|
|
chronic inflammatory myopathy
|
polymyositis
|
|
|
detects an antibody present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
|
antinuclear antibody test (ANA)
|
|
|
measures the rate at which erythrocytes settle to the bottom of a test tube
|
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
|
|
|
serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
|
rheumatoid factor (RF)
|
|
|
measurement of calcium level in serum
|
serum calcium (Ca)
|
|
|
measurement of an enzyme (creatine kinase) in serum
|
serum creatine kinase (CK)
|
|
|
may be caused by disorders of the parathyroid gland and malignancy that affects bone metabolism
|
hypercalcemia
|
|
|
seen in critically ill patients with burns, sepsis, and acute renal failure
|
hypocalcemia
|
|
|
measurement of uric acid in serum (high levels are associated with gouty arthritis)
|
uric acid test
|
|
|
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the joint space
|
arthrocentesis
|
|
|
process of taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material into the joint
|
arthrography
|
|
|
surgical repair of a joint
|
arthroplasty
|
|
|
TKR
|
total knee replacement
|
|
|
THR
|
total hip replacement
|
|
|
visual examination of the inside of a joint with an endoscope and television camera
|
arthroscopy
|
|
|
low-energy x-ray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist to measure bone mass
|
bone density test (bone densitometry)
|
|
|
uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone
|
bone scan
|
|
|
x-ray beam is used with a computer to provide cross-sectional images
|
computed tomography (CT)
|
|
|
x-ray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disk after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus (interior of the disk)
|
diskography
|
|
|
ROM
|
range of motion
|
|
|
AC joint
|
acromioclavicular joint
|
|
|
ACL
|
anterior cruciate ligament of the knee
|
|
|
CTS
|
carpal tunnel syndrome
|
|
|
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry - a test of bone density
|
DEXA or DXA
|
|
|
DO
|
doctor of osteopathy
|
|
|
DTRs
|
deep tendon reflexes
|
|
|
EMG
|
electromyography
|
|
|
IM
|
intramuscular
|
|
|
LE cell
|
lupus erythematosus cell
|
|
|
ORIF
|
open reduction (of fracture)/internal fixation
|
|
|
OT
|
occupational therapy
|
|
|
P
|
phosphorus
|
