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229 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The two main divisions of the nervous system are what |
CNS and PNS |
|
What are included in the central nervous system |
brain and spinal cord |
|
Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, further subdivided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems |
peripheral nervous system |
|
What is the largest organ of the nervous system |
brain |
|
the nervous tissue of this system is often known as what |
gray or white matter |
|
the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brainstem are the four main structures; integration of almost every physical and mental activity of the body |
brain |
|
transmits sensory impulses from body to brain and motor impulses to mscles and organs of body |
spinal cord |
|
extends from brain stem to second lumbar vertebra in spinal column, protected by vertebral column and meninges which also nourish it |
spinal cord |
|
Because the direction of the impulse is upward, the sesory nerve tracts are called what |
ascending tracts |
|
because they carry impulses downward, motor nerve tracts are known as |
descending tracts |
|
the spinal nerves are identified by the region of the vertebral column from which they what |
exit |
|
the durameter (outermost layer), arachnoid (middle layer), and pia matar (innermost layer) are all coverings for the brain and spinal cord called what |
meninges |
|
the dura matar is also known as what |
pachymeninges |
|
the cavity beneath the dura matar filled with serous fluid |
subdural space |
|
a colorless fluid that contains proteins, glucose, urea, salts, and some white blood cells. |
cerebrospinal fluid |
|
any interference with the absorption of cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space results in a collection of fluid in the brain which is a condition known as |
hydrocephalus |
|
the arachnoid and the pia matar are collectively called what due to the delicacy of them |
leptomeninges |
|
12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the brainstem which are named according to their location and function |
cranial nerves |
|
31 pairs that emerge from the spinal cord; named according to vertebra from which they exit; they are definied by direction in which impulses travel |
spinal nerves |
|
afferent nerves that receive impulses from the sense organs including the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin and transmit them to the CNS |
sensory nerves |
|
some cranial nerves that are composed of sensory and motor fibers |
mixed nerves |
|
this root contains the motor fibers this root contains the sensory fibers |
anterior posterior |
|
efferent nerves conduct impulses to muscles and glands |
motor nerves |
|
regulates skeletal (striated) muscles (voluntary actions) such as walking and talking under conscious control |
somatic nervous system****************************** |
|
regulates visceral (smooth) muscles (involuntary actions) such as heart rate, peristalsis, respiration, digestion, pupil diameter, and so forth not under conscious control; glandular and secular activity |
autonomic system****************************** |
|
this system divides further into sympathetic and parasympathetic division |
autonomic nervous system |
|
fight or flight; regulates body activites when immediate action is required; increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, and raises blood pressure |
sympathetic |
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rest and digest; slows the heart, dilates visceral blood vessels, increases activity of digestive tract; increases glandular secretions; relaxes sphincter |
parasympthetic |
|
these transmit impulses |
neurons |
|
identified as by the direction the impulse travels is known as what |
afferent |
|
when the direction is toward the brain or spinal cord it is known as? when the direction is away from the brain or spinal cord it is known as? |
afferent efferent |
|
cell body, axon, and dendrites are the three major structures of the what |
neuron |
|
carry impulses to the cell body carry impulses away from the cell body |
dendrites axons |
|
interconnecting to form complicated networks called nerves that transmit electrical impulses throughout the body |
neuron |
|
impulse within the transmitting axon causes a chemical substance to be released a the end of its axon |
neurotransmitter |
|
diffuses across synapse and attaches to the receiving neuron at specialized receptor sites |
neurotransmitter |
|
when sufficient receptor sites are occupied, it signals acceptance message and impulse passes to receiving neuron which immediately inactivates and prepares the site to receive another impuls |
*************************neurotransmitter (messenger) |
|
cells that support neurons and bind them to other neurons or other tissues of the body |
neuroglia |
|
provide supportive framework for neurons; protect against infection with phagocytosis; cant transmit electrical impulses |
neuroglia |
|
star shaped neuroglia provide mechanical support fr neurons and from tight sheaths around capillaries of the brain |
astrocytes |
|
astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal are the four major structures of what |
neuroglia |
|
responsible for developing myelin on axons of neurons in the CNS |
oligodendrocytes; oligodendroglia |
|
possess phagocytic properties and may become very active during times of infection |
microglia |
|
ciliated cells that line fluid filled cavities of the CNS |
ependyma |
|
line the ventricles of the brain which assist in circulation o cerebrospinal fluid |
ependyma |
|
any disorders of the cerebral blood vessels that causes a loss of consciousness due to oxygen deprivation of brain tissue |
stroke |
|
cerebrovascular brain attack aka |
stroke |
|
manifestations appearing on opposite side of the injured brain hemisphere |
stroke |
|
cerebrovascular disease aka |
stroke |
|
branch of medicine concerned with neurological diseases specialist who diagnoses and treats nervous system disorders |
neurology neurologist |
|
branch of medicine concerned with mental illnesses? physician who specializes in treatment and diagnosis of mental illnesses? |
psychiatry psychiatrist |
|
involuntary movement aka |
dyskinesia |
|
CVA (cerebrovascular accident) is also known as what |
*********stroke |
|
What is the most common type of stroke |
ischemic |
|
results in insufficient blood flow to the brain from blockage of carotoid arteries by plaque of thrombus which is generally due to atherosclerosis |
ischemic stroke |
|
caused by the sudden rupture of an artery within the brain |
intracerebral hemorrhage. |
|
blood is released into the space surrounding the brain commonly caused by a ruptured aneurysm and is usually fatal |
subarachnoid hemorrhage |
|
weakness in one half of the body |
hemiparesis |
|
paraltion |
ataxia |
|
loss of consciousness |
LOC |
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any medical condition characterized by sudden chanes in behavior or consciousness as a resut of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain |
seizure disorders |
|
what are the two main types of seizures |
partial and generalized |
|
the most common type of generalized seizure is |
tonic-clonic seizure (grand mal seizure |
|
the entire body becomes rigid in this stage of a seizure |
tonic |
|
in the stage of a seizure the body jerks uncontrollably |
clonic |
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tonic-clonic seizres follow one after another without an intervening period of recovery in this life threatening emergency |
status epilepticus |
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a progressive neurological disorder affecting the portion of the brain responsible for controlling movement |
Parkinson disease aka shaking palsy |
|
uncontrollable nodding of the head |
bradykinesia |
|
slow movement |
hypokinesia |
|
dopamine is lacking in the brain in this disease |
parkinsons |
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progressive degenerative disease of the CNS; inflammation |
multiple sclerosis |
|
loss of myelin aka |
demyelination |
|
tremors and muscle weakness are signs of this disease |
multiple sclerosis |
|
progressive neurological disorder tht causes memory loss and serious mental disorientation; most common form of dementia |
alzheimers |
|
associated with neuritic plaques in the brain; only officially diagnosed by an autopsy |
alzheimers |
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severe loss of contact with reality |
psychosis |
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an emotional illness in which a person experiences strong feelins of fear or worry |
neurosis |
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congenital deformity of the neural tube (embryonic structure that becomes the fetal brain and spinal cord |
neural tube defect********************* |
|
what are the two most common forms of neural tube defect*************** |
spinal bifida and anencephaly |
|
When the brain fails to from during fetal development; usually results in stillborn or death shortly after birth |
anencephaly |
|
an abnormal opening in the vertebral column; defect covered only by meninges; spinal cord and nerves may protrude |
spina bifida |
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The three forms from mild to most severe are occulta (asymptomatic), meningocele, and myelomeningocele |
spina bifida |
|
the addition of what to a womans diet during pregnancy can prevent spina bifida |
folic acid |
|
any sudden violent contraction of one or more muscles |
convulsion |
|
awareness or feeling of an approaching physical or mental disorder; typically a seizure |
aura |
|
abnormal activity of lack of response to normal stimuli***************** |
lethargy |
|
temporary loss of consciousness; fainting |
syncope************************* |
|
sensation of numbness, prickling, or tingling, heightened sensitivity |
parasthesia |
|
paralysis, usually partial, characterized by weakness, shaking, or uncontrolled tremors |
palsy |
|
exaggerated emotional and reflexive behaviors |
hysterias |
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uncontrolled performance of ritualistic actions for fear of a dire consequence |
obsessive-compulsive disorders |
|
an inflammation of the nerve root associated with the spinal column |
radiculopathy; radiculitis |
|
inability to conmprehend auditory, visual, spatial, olfactory, or other sensations even though the sensory sphere is intact******************* |
agnosia |
|
******************8weakness, debility, or loss of strength |
asthenia |
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*********************lack of muscle coordination in the execution of voluntary movement |
ataxia |
|
loss of voluntary motion in one or more muscle groups with or without loss of sensation |
paralysis |
|
paralysis of one side of the body |
hemiplegia |
|
paralysis of both lower limbs |
paraplegia |
|
paralysis of both arms and legs |
quadriplegia aka tetriplegia |
|
cerebrovascular accident*********** |
CVA |
|
peripheral nervous system |
PNS******************* |
|
transient ischemic attack |
TIA |
|
musculoskeletal; multiple sclerosis; mental status; mitral stenosis |
MS*************** |
|
*************adjustment of the eye for various distances so that images fall on the retina of the eye |
accomodation |
|
******************eversion or outward turning of the edge of the lower eyelid |
ectropion |
|
*****************inversion or inward turning of the edge of the lower eyelid |
entropion |
|
********************visual distortion of objects |
metamorphopsia |
|
************perception of ringing, hissing, or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present |
tinnitus |
|
the outermost layer of the eye that serves as a protective coat for the more sensitive structures beneath |
fibrous tunic |
|
this layer of the eye includes the sclera, cornea, and conjunctiva |
fibrous tunic |
|
white posterior section that supports the eyeball |
sclera |
|
transparent anterior section where light is refracted (bent) as it enters the light |
cornea |
|
the middle layer of the eyeball also known as the uvea |
vascular tunic |
|
this part of the fibrous tunic covers the outer surface of the eye and lines the eyelids |
conjunctiva |
|
this layer of the eyeball consists of the choroid, iris, and ciliary body |
vascular tunic |
|
this part of the vascular tunic provides the blood supply for the entire eye |
choroid |
|
this part of the vascular tunic regulates the amount of light passing trough the pupil to the interior of the ye |
iris |
|
consists of three layers: fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and the sensory tunic |
eye |
|
the innermost sensory tunic is the double layered what |
retina |
|
responsible for reception and transmission of visual impulses to the brain |
retina |
|
what are the two types of visual receptors in the retina |
cones and rods |
|
function in dim light and produce black and white vision of the retina |
rods |
|
function in bright light and produce color vision in the retina |
cones |
|
what is in the center of the retina; |
mascula |
|
what is in the center of the mascula |
fovea |
|
the center of the optic disk is known as what |
blind spot |
|
aqueous humor and vitreous humor are two major fluids (humors) of the what |
eye |
|
provides nourishment for the lens and cornea of the eye |
aqueous humor |
|
if aqueous humor fails to drain from the eye at the rate at which it's produced, it becomes a condition known as |
glaucoma************* |
|
a jellylike substance that fills the interior of the eye |
vitreous humor |
|
produce tears to keep eyeball moist and clear of dust and other particles |
lacrimal glands |
|
part of the eye that includes all supporting structures of the eye globe |
adnexa |
|
the inner edges of the eyes |
canthi |
|
opacity or clouding of the crystalline lens or it's surrounding membrane |
cataract |
|
the most common form is age related; mre than one half of americans older than age have them to some degree |
*******************cataracts |
|
cataracts found in children from genetic defects |
congenital cataracts****************** |
|
develop slowly; bilateral or lateral |
cataract |
|
sensitivity to light and glare |
photophobia |
|
difficult seeing at night |
nyctalopia |
|
double vision |
diplopia |
|
failure of both eyes to focus on one object |
strabismus |
|
strabismus is also known as |
heterotropia or tropia |
|
inward misalignment of the eye |
esotropia |
|
outward misalignment of the eye, up or down, or a combination |
exotropia |
|
lazy eye syndrome |
amblyopia |
|
characterized by increased intraocular pressure caused by failure of aqueous humor to drain from the eye through a duct called the canal of Schlemm; damages the retina and optic nerve |
*************glaucoma |
|
causes blindness unless detected early and treated |
glaucoma |
|
this form of glaucoma may produc no symptoms except gradual loss of peripheral vision over a period of years |
chronic |
|
this type of glaucoma is accompanied by extreme ocular pain and if untreated will cause blindness in 2-5 days |
acute |
|
more common, chronic form of glaucoma; slow to develop and painless |
open angle |
|
measurement of refractive error |
diopter |
|
state or normal vision |
emmetropia |
|
localized inflammatory of the sebaceous gland of the eyelid; stye |
hordeolum |
|
swelling of the optic nerves with dilated veins and an enlarged blind spot on the visual field |
papilledema |
|
use of ultrasound to destroy or remove cataracts************* |
phacoemulsification |
|
deterioriation of the macula of the retina |
macular degeneration |
|
age related macular degeneration is what |
the most common form of macular degeneration |
|
what are the two forms of ARMD |
dry and wet |
|
less common and more severe form of ARMD is |
wet |
|
the dry form of this eye disease rarely causes blindness |
ARMD |
|
used to detect glaucoma |
tonometry |
|
The test I took at FTG elementary for my vision |
visual acuity test |
|
neoplastic disease of the eye commonly found in children |
retinoblastoma************** |
|
treatment includes removal of the affected eye followed by radiation |
retinoblastoma |
|
complete deafness******************* |
anacusis |
|
swelling and hyperemia of the optic disc, usually associated with the increased intracranial pressure; choked disc****************** |
papilledema |
|
type of involuntary eye movements that appear jerky and may reduce vision or be associated wit other more serious conditions that limit vision |
nystagmus*************** |
|
impairment of hearing resulting from old age |
presbyacusis************ |
|
consists of three major sections (external), (tympanic cavity),(labyrinth) |
ear |
|
part of the ear that conducts sound waves through the air? through the bone? through fluid? |
external ear, tympanic cavity, labyrinth |
|
pinna aka |
auricle |
|
collects waves traveling through air and channels thm to the ear canal |
auricle |
|
glands that produce a waxy secretion in the ear canal |
cerumen |
|
membranous structure drawn over the end of the ear canal; vibrations cause movement to ossicles |
tympanic membrane |
|
the three smallest bones of the body are collectively called what |
ossicles |
|
the malleus (hammer), the incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrups) all make up what |
ossicles |
|
what is the first structure of the inner ear with a fluid called perilymph |
cochlea |
|
this tube connects the middle ear to the pharynx |
Eustachian tube |
|
extends from the tympanic membrane (eardrum to the oval window |
middle ear |
|
lined with a highly sensitive hearing structure known as the organ of corti which contais nerve ending cells known as hair cells |
cochlea |
|
structures filled with endolymph and sensitive hair cells to maintain balance; |
vestibular apparatus |
|
when stimulated transmit impulses to the brain for interpretation of sound |
cochlea |
|
transmission of air in the throat to middle ear to keep air pressure equal on both sides of the eardrum |
Eustachian tube |
|
joins the cochlea and the semicircular canals |
vestibule |
|
common disorder among infants and children because of the short Eustachian tube which provides pathway for bacteria to enter; accumulation of fluid in the middle ear; inflammation of the middle ear |
otitis media |
|
sensorineural and conductive are two types of what |
hearing loss |
|
failure of inner ear nerves to transmit sound impulses properly to the brain |
sensorineural hearing loss |
|
obstructions in the middle or outer ear |
conductive hearing loss |
|
feeling that either the individual or their surrounding environment in spinning in the absence of actual movement |
vertigo |
|
draining of pus from the ear |
otopyorrhea |
|
infection of the mastoid process |
mastoiditis |
|
inflammation of brain tissue near the middle ear |
otoencephalitis |
|
medications to relieve pain |
analgesics |
|
incision of the eardrum ************ |
tympanotomy |
|
abnormal hardening |
ankylosis |
|
a disorder from ankylosis of bones of the middle ear that causes hearing loss |
otosclerosis |
|
what ossicle is most commonly affected in otosclerosis |
stapes |
|
this disorder is highly genetic and surgical correction involves removing of the stapes and implanting a prosthetic device that allows sound waves to pass to the inner ear; hearing is immediately restored |
otosclerosis |
|
small surgical incision of the eardrum |
myringotomy |
|
screening test used to determine type and extent of hearing loss |
audiometry |
|
procedure used when rinne and webber tests are inconclusive |
tympanotomy |
|
most common ear malignancy; elderly patients with fair skin; small craterlike ulcers from as disease progresses; |
basal cell carcinoma |
|
rare type of ear tumor; biopsy required for diagnoses; surgery plus radiation required |
squamous cell carcinoma |
|
a form of ametropia where the cornea or lens has a defective curvature causing light rays to diffuse over a large area of the retina rather than being sharply focused ***************** |
astigmatism |
|
*************inflammation of the conjunctiva with vascular congestion that produces a red or pink eye and may be secondary ot allergy or viral, bacterial, or fungal infections |
conjunctivitis |
|
protrusion of the eyes |
exophthalmos |
|
incision of the eardrum |
myringotomy |
|
forming an opening of the tympanic membrane |
tympanostomy |
|
rupture of the eardrum |
myringorrhexis |
|
incision of the inner ear |
labyrinthotomy |
|
vision pathway fails to develop and people are only able to use one eye in this syndrome |
amblyopia |
|
usually requires an eye patch for correction and if not corrected before age 6 can become permanent |
amblyopia |
|
farsightedness |
hyperopia |
|
generalized muscle pain |
myalgia |
|
light sensitive pigment in the retinal cones and rods that absorbs light and initiates the visual process |
photopigment |
|
to bend light rays as they pass from one medium to another |
refractive |
|
depress CNS functions, promote sedation and sleep, and relieve agitation, anxiousness, and restlessneses |
hypnotics |
|
an error of refraction |
ametropia |
|
turning out of the eyelid so that the inner surface is exposed |
extropion |
|
inflammation of the eyelid |
blepharitis |
|
inflammation of the retina |
retinitis |
|
pain in the nerve root |
radiculalgia |
|
lack of normal muscular tension |
atonia |
|
inflammation of the cornea |
corneitis |
|
not feverish |
afebrile |
|
a drug with morphine like effects |
opiate |
|
a drug taken for calming or sleeping effects |
sedative |
|
a cataract operation in which the diseased lens is reduced to a liquid by ultrasonic vibrations and drained out of the eye |
phacoemulsion |
|
cardiovascular disese |
CVD |