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229 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

The two main divisions of the nervous system are what

CNS and PNS

What are included in the central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, further subdivided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems

peripheral nervous system

What is the largest organ of the nervous system

brain

the nervous tissue of this system is often known as what

gray or white matter

the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brainstem are the four main structures; integration of almost every physical and mental activity of the body

brain

transmits sensory impulses from body to brain and motor impulses to mscles and organs of body

spinal cord

extends from brain stem to second lumbar vertebra in spinal column, protected by vertebral column and meninges which also nourish it

spinal cord

Because the direction of the impulse is upward, the sesory nerve tracts are called what

ascending tracts

because they carry impulses downward, motor nerve tracts are known as

descending tracts

the spinal nerves are identified by the region of the vertebral column from which they what

exit

the durameter (outermost layer), arachnoid (middle layer), and pia matar (innermost layer) are all coverings for the brain and spinal cord called what

meninges

the dura matar is also known as what

pachymeninges

the cavity beneath the dura matar filled with serous fluid

subdural space

a colorless fluid that contains proteins, glucose, urea, salts, and some white blood cells.

cerebrospinal fluid

any interference with the absorption of cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space results in a collection of fluid in the brain which is a condition known as

hydrocephalus

the arachnoid and the pia matar are collectively called what due to the delicacy of them

leptomeninges

12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the brainstem which are named according to their location and function

cranial nerves

31 pairs that emerge from the spinal cord; named according to vertebra from which they exit; they are definied by direction in which impulses travel

spinal nerves

afferent nerves that receive impulses from the sense organs including the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin and transmit them to the CNS

sensory nerves

some cranial nerves that are composed of sensory and motor fibers

mixed nerves

this root contains the motor fibers


this root contains the sensory fibers

anterior


posterior

efferent nerves conduct impulses to muscles and glands

motor nerves

regulates skeletal (striated) muscles (voluntary actions) such as walking and talking under conscious control

somatic nervous system******************************

regulates visceral (smooth) muscles (involuntary actions) such as heart rate, peristalsis, respiration, digestion, pupil diameter, and so forth not under conscious control; glandular and secular activity

autonomic system******************************

this system divides further into sympathetic and parasympathetic division

autonomic nervous system

fight or flight; regulates body activites when immediate action is required; increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, and raises blood pressure

sympathetic

rest and digest; slows the heart, dilates visceral blood vessels, increases activity of digestive tract; increases glandular secretions; relaxes sphincter

parasympthetic

these transmit impulses

neurons

identified as by the direction the impulse travels is known as what

afferent

when the direction is toward the brain or spinal cord it is known as?


when the direction is away from the brain or spinal cord it is known as?

afferent


efferent

cell body, axon, and dendrites are the three major structures of the what

neuron

carry impulses to the cell body


carry impulses away from the cell body

dendrites


axons

interconnecting to form complicated networks called nerves that transmit electrical impulses throughout the body

neuron

impulse within the transmitting axon causes a chemical substance to be released a the end of its axon

neurotransmitter

diffuses across synapse and attaches to the receiving neuron at specialized receptor sites

neurotransmitter

when sufficient receptor sites are occupied, it signals acceptance message and impulse passes to receiving neuron which immediately inactivates and prepares the site to receive another impuls

*************************neurotransmitter (messenger)

cells that support neurons and bind them to other neurons or other tissues of the body

neuroglia

provide supportive framework for neurons; protect against infection with phagocytosis; cant transmit electrical impulses

neuroglia

star shaped neuroglia provide mechanical support fr neurons and from tight sheaths around capillaries of the brain

astrocytes

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal are the four major structures of what

neuroglia

responsible for developing myelin on axons of neurons in the CNS

oligodendrocytes; oligodendroglia

possess phagocytic properties and may become very active during times of infection

microglia

ciliated cells that line fluid filled cavities of the CNS

ependyma

line the ventricles of the brain which assist in circulation o cerebrospinal fluid

ependyma

any disorders of the cerebral blood vessels that causes a loss of consciousness due to oxygen deprivation of brain tissue

stroke

cerebrovascular brain attack aka

stroke

manifestations appearing on opposite side of the injured brain hemisphere

stroke

cerebrovascular disease aka

stroke

branch of medicine concerned with neurological diseases


specialist who diagnoses and treats nervous system disorders

neurology


neurologist

branch of medicine concerned with mental illnesses?


physician who specializes in treatment and diagnosis of mental illnesses?

psychiatry


psychiatrist

involuntary movement aka

dyskinesia

CVA (cerebrovascular accident) is also known as what

*********stroke

What is the most common type of stroke

ischemic

results in insufficient blood flow to the brain from blockage of carotoid arteries by plaque of thrombus which is generally due to atherosclerosis

ischemic stroke

caused by the sudden rupture of an artery within the brain

intracerebral hemorrhage.

blood is released into the space surrounding the brain commonly caused by a ruptured aneurysm and is usually fatal

subarachnoid hemorrhage

weakness in one half of the body

hemiparesis

paraltion

ataxia

loss of consciousness

LOC

any medical condition characterized by sudden chanes in behavior or consciousness as a resut of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain

seizure disorders

what are the two main types of seizures

partial and generalized

the most common type of generalized seizure is

tonic-clonic seizure (grand mal seizure

the entire body becomes rigid in this stage of a seizure

tonic

in the stage of a seizure the body jerks uncontrollably

clonic

tonic-clonic seizres follow one after another without an intervening period of recovery in this life threatening emergency

status epilepticus

a progressive neurological disorder affecting the portion of the brain responsible for controlling movement

Parkinson disease aka shaking palsy

uncontrollable nodding of the head

bradykinesia

slow movement

hypokinesia

dopamine is lacking in the brain in this disease

parkinsons

progressive degenerative disease of the CNS; inflammation

multiple sclerosis

loss of myelin aka

demyelination

tremors and muscle weakness are signs of this disease

multiple sclerosis

progressive neurological disorder tht causes memory loss and serious mental disorientation; most common form of dementia

alzheimers

associated with neuritic plaques in the brain; only officially diagnosed by an autopsy

alzheimers

severe loss of contact with reality

psychosis

an emotional illness in which a person experiences strong feelins of fear or worry

neurosis

congenital deformity of the neural tube (embryonic structure that becomes the fetal brain and spinal cord

neural tube defect*********************

what are the two most common forms of neural tube defect***************

spinal bifida and anencephaly

When the brain fails to from during fetal development; usually results in stillborn or death shortly after birth

anencephaly

an abnormal opening in the vertebral column; defect covered only by meninges; spinal cord and nerves may protrude

spina bifida

The three forms from mild to most severe are occulta (asymptomatic), meningocele, and myelomeningocele

spina bifida

the addition of what to a womans diet during pregnancy can prevent spina bifida

folic acid

any sudden violent contraction of one or more muscles

convulsion

awareness or feeling of an approaching physical or mental disorder; typically a seizure

aura

abnormal activity of lack of response to normal stimuli*****************

lethargy

temporary loss of consciousness; fainting

syncope*************************

sensation of numbness, prickling, or tingling, heightened sensitivity

parasthesia

paralysis, usually partial, characterized by weakness, shaking, or uncontrolled tremors

palsy

exaggerated emotional and reflexive behaviors

hysterias

uncontrolled performance of ritualistic actions for fear of a dire consequence

obsessive-compulsive disorders

an inflammation of the nerve root associated with the spinal column

radiculopathy; radiculitis

inability to conmprehend auditory, visual, spatial, olfactory, or other sensations even though the sensory sphere is intact*******************

agnosia

******************8weakness, debility, or loss of strength

asthenia

*********************lack of muscle coordination in the execution of voluntary movement

ataxia

loss of voluntary motion in one or more muscle groups with or without loss of sensation

paralysis

paralysis of one side of the body

hemiplegia

paralysis of both lower limbs

paraplegia

paralysis of both arms and legs

quadriplegia aka tetriplegia

cerebrovascular accident***********

CVA

peripheral nervous system

PNS*******************

transient ischemic attack

TIA

musculoskeletal; multiple sclerosis; mental status; mitral stenosis

MS***************

*************adjustment of the eye for various distances so that images fall on the retina of the eye

accomodation

******************eversion or outward turning of the edge of the lower eyelid

ectropion

*****************inversion or inward turning of the edge of the lower eyelid

entropion

********************visual distortion of objects

metamorphopsia

************perception of ringing, hissing, or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present

tinnitus

the outermost layer of the eye that serves as a protective coat for the more sensitive structures beneath

fibrous tunic

this layer of the eye includes the sclera, cornea, and conjunctiva

fibrous tunic

white posterior section that supports the eyeball

sclera

transparent anterior section where light is refracted (bent) as it enters the light

cornea

the middle layer of the eyeball also known as the uvea

vascular tunic

this part of the fibrous tunic covers the outer surface of the eye and lines the eyelids

conjunctiva

this layer of the eyeball consists of the choroid, iris, and ciliary body

vascular tunic

this part of the vascular tunic provides the blood supply for the entire eye

choroid

this part of the vascular tunic regulates the amount of light passing trough the pupil to the interior of the ye

iris

consists of three layers: fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, and the sensory tunic

eye

the innermost sensory tunic is the double layered what

retina

responsible for reception and transmission of visual impulses to the brain

retina

what are the two types of visual receptors in the retina

cones and rods

function in dim light and produce black and white vision of the retina

rods

function in bright light and produce color vision in the retina

cones

what is in the center of the retina;

mascula

what is in the center of the mascula

fovea

the center of the optic disk is known as what

blind spot

aqueous humor and vitreous humor are two major fluids (humors) of the what

eye

provides nourishment for the lens and cornea of the eye

aqueous humor

if aqueous humor fails to drain from the eye at the rate at which it's produced, it becomes a condition known as

glaucoma*************

a jellylike substance that fills the interior of the eye

vitreous humor

produce tears to keep eyeball moist and clear of dust and other particles

lacrimal glands

part of the eye that includes all supporting structures of the eye globe

adnexa

the inner edges of the eyes

canthi

opacity or clouding of the crystalline lens or it's surrounding membrane

cataract

the most common form is age related; mre than one half of americans older than age have them to some degree

*******************cataracts

cataracts found in children from genetic defects

congenital cataracts******************

develop slowly; bilateral or lateral

cataract

sensitivity to light and glare

photophobia

difficult seeing at night

nyctalopia

double vision

diplopia

failure of both eyes to focus on one object

strabismus

strabismus is also known as

heterotropia or tropia

inward misalignment of the eye

esotropia

outward misalignment of the eye, up or down, or a combination

exotropia

lazy eye syndrome

amblyopia

characterized by increased intraocular pressure caused by failure of aqueous humor to drain from the eye through a duct called the canal of Schlemm; damages the retina and optic nerve

*************glaucoma

causes blindness unless detected early and treated

glaucoma

this form of glaucoma may produc no symptoms except gradual loss of peripheral vision over a period of years

chronic

this type of glaucoma is accompanied by extreme ocular pain and if untreated will cause blindness in 2-5 days

acute

more common, chronic form of glaucoma; slow to develop and painless

open angle

measurement of refractive error

diopter

state or normal vision

emmetropia

localized inflammatory of the sebaceous gland of the eyelid; stye

hordeolum

swelling of the optic nerves with dilated veins and an enlarged blind spot on the visual field

papilledema

use of ultrasound to destroy or remove cataracts*************

phacoemulsification

deterioriation of the macula of the retina

macular degeneration

age related macular degeneration is what

the most common form of macular degeneration

what are the two forms of ARMD

dry and wet

less common and more severe form of ARMD is

wet

the dry form of this eye disease rarely causes blindness

ARMD

used to detect glaucoma

tonometry

The test I took at FTG elementary for my vision

visual acuity test

neoplastic disease of the eye commonly found in children

retinoblastoma**************

treatment includes removal of the affected eye followed by radiation

retinoblastoma

complete deafness*******************

anacusis

swelling and hyperemia of the optic disc, usually associated with the increased intracranial pressure; choked disc******************

papilledema

type of involuntary eye movements that appear jerky and may reduce vision or be associated wit other more serious conditions that limit vision

nystagmus***************

impairment of hearing resulting from old age

presbyacusis************

consists of three major sections (external), (tympanic cavity),(labyrinth)

ear

part of the ear that conducts sound waves through the air? through the bone? through fluid?

external ear, tympanic cavity, labyrinth

pinna aka

auricle

collects waves traveling through air and channels thm to the ear canal

auricle

glands that produce a waxy secretion in the ear canal

cerumen

membranous structure drawn over the end of the ear canal; vibrations cause movement to ossicles

tympanic membrane

the three smallest bones of the body are collectively called what

ossicles

the malleus (hammer), the incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrups) all make up what

ossicles

what is the first structure of the inner ear with a fluid called perilymph

cochlea

this tube connects the middle ear to the pharynx

Eustachian tube

extends from the tympanic membrane (eardrum to the oval window

middle ear

lined with a highly sensitive hearing structure known as the organ of corti which contais nerve ending cells known as hair cells

cochlea

structures filled with endolymph and sensitive hair cells to maintain balance;

vestibular apparatus

when stimulated transmit impulses to the brain for interpretation of sound

cochlea

transmission of air in the throat to middle ear to keep air pressure equal on both sides of the eardrum

Eustachian tube

joins the cochlea and the semicircular canals

vestibule

common disorder among infants and children because of the short Eustachian tube which provides pathway for bacteria to enter; accumulation of fluid in the middle ear; inflammation of the middle ear

otitis media

sensorineural and conductive are two types of what

hearing loss

failure of inner ear nerves to transmit sound impulses properly to the brain

sensorineural hearing loss

obstructions in the middle or outer ear

conductive hearing loss

feeling that either the individual or their surrounding environment in spinning in the absence of actual movement

vertigo

draining of pus from the ear

otopyorrhea

infection of the mastoid process

mastoiditis

inflammation of brain tissue near the middle ear

otoencephalitis

medications to relieve pain

analgesics

incision of the eardrum ************

tympanotomy

abnormal hardening

ankylosis

a disorder from ankylosis of bones of the middle ear that causes hearing loss

otosclerosis

what ossicle is most commonly affected in otosclerosis

stapes

this disorder is highly genetic and surgical correction involves removing of the stapes and implanting a prosthetic device that allows sound waves to pass to the inner ear; hearing is immediately restored

otosclerosis

small surgical incision of the eardrum

myringotomy

screening test used to determine type and extent of hearing loss

audiometry

procedure used when rinne and webber tests are inconclusive

tympanotomy

most common ear malignancy; elderly patients with fair skin; small craterlike ulcers from as disease progresses;

basal cell carcinoma

rare type of ear tumor; biopsy required for diagnoses; surgery plus radiation required

squamous cell carcinoma

a form of ametropia where the cornea or lens has a defective curvature causing light rays to diffuse over a large area of the retina rather than being sharply focused *****************

astigmatism

*************inflammation of the conjunctiva with vascular congestion that produces a red or pink eye and may be secondary ot allergy or viral, bacterial, or fungal infections

conjunctivitis

protrusion of the eyes

exophthalmos

incision of the eardrum

myringotomy

forming an opening of the tympanic membrane

tympanostomy

rupture of the eardrum

myringorrhexis

incision of the inner ear

labyrinthotomy

vision pathway fails to develop and people are only able to use one eye in this syndrome

amblyopia

usually requires an eye patch for correction and if not corrected before age 6 can become permanent

amblyopia

farsightedness

hyperopia

generalized muscle pain

myalgia

light sensitive pigment in the retinal cones and rods that absorbs light and initiates the visual process

photopigment

to bend light rays as they pass from one medium to another

refractive

depress CNS functions, promote sedation and sleep, and relieve agitation, anxiousness, and restlessneses

hypnotics

an error of refraction

ametropia

turning out of the eyelid so that the inner surface is exposed

extropion

inflammation of the eyelid

blepharitis

inflammation of the retina

retinitis

pain in the nerve root

radiculalgia

lack of normal muscular tension

atonia

inflammation of the cornea

corneitis

not feverish

afebrile

a drug with morphine like effects

opiate

a drug taken for calming or sleeping effects

sedative

a cataract operation in which the diseased lens is reduced to a liquid by ultrasonic vibrations and drained out of the eye

phacoemulsion

cardiovascular disese

CVD