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221 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils
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adenoids
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air sac in the lung
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alveolus (plural: alveoli)
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tip or uppermost portion of the lung
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apex of the lung
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the tip of a structure
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apex
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pertaining to the apex
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apical
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lower portion of the lung
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base of the lung
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pertaining to the base
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basilar
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smallest branches of the bronchi
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bronchioles
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terminal bronchioles lead to ____
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alveolar ducts
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branch of the trachea that is a passageway into the lung; bronchial tube
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bronchus (plural: bronchi)
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gas produced by body cells when oxygen and food combine; exhaled through the lungs
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carbon dioxide (CO2)
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thin hairs attached to the mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract
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cilia
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they clear bacteria and foreign substances from the lung; cigarette smoke impairs their function
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cilia
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muscle separating the chest and abdomen
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diaphragm
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it contracts and relaxes to make breathing possible
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diaphragm
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lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx, preventing food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing
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epiglottis
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breathing out (exhalation)
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expiration
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slit-like opening to the larynx
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glottis
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midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs
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hilum (of lung)
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pertaining to the hilum
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hilar
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breathing in (inhalation)
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inspiration
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voice box; contains the vocal cords
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larynx
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division of a lung
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lobe
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region between the lungs in the chest cavity
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mediastinum
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region that contains the trachea, heart, aorta, esophagus and bronchial tubes
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mediastinum
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openings through the nose carrying air into the nasal cavities
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nares
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gas that passes into the bloodstream at the lungs and travels to all body cells
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oxygen (O2)
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one of a pair of almond-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx
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palatine tonsil
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pertaining to the roof of the mouth
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palatine
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one of the air cavities in the bones near the nose
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paranasal sinus
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outer fold of pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall
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parietal pleura
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throat; including the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
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pharynx
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double-folded membrane surrounding each lung
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pleura
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space between the folds of the pleura
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pleural cavity
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essential parts of the lung, responsible for respiration; bronchioles and alveoli
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pulmonary parenchyma
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process of moving air into and out of the lungs; breathing
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respiration
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windpipe
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trachea
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inner fold of pleura lying closer to the lung tissue
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visceral pleura
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pathway of air from the nose to the capillaries of the lung
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nose (nares) -> nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli -> lung capillaries
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exchange of air at the lungs
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external repiration
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exchange of gases at the cells within all organs of the body
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internal (cellular) respiration
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Besides producing mucus, the sinuses lighten the bones of the skull and help ____.
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produce sound
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the thyroid cartilage (common name)
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Adam's apple
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The right lung has ____ lobes; the left lung has ____.
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three
two |
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adenoid/o
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adenoids
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alveol/o
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alveolus, air sac
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bronch/o; bronchi/o
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bronchial tube, bronchus
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bronchiol/o
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bronchiole, small bronchus
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capn/o
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carbon dioxide
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coni/o
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dust
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cyan/o
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blue
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epiglott/o
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epiglottis
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laryng/o
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larynx, voice box
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lob/o
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lobe of the lung
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mediastin/o
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mediastinum
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nas/o
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nose
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orth/o
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straight, upright
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excision of the adenoids
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adenoidectomy
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adenoid enlargement
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hypertrophy
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pertaining to the alveolus
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alveolar
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cyan/o
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blue
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epiglott/o
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epiglottis
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laryng/o
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larynx, voice box
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lob/o
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lobe of the lung
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mediastin/o
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mediastinum
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nas/o
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nose
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orth/o
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straight, upright
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enlargement of the adenoids
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adenoid hypertrophy
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excision of the adenoids
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adenoidectomy
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pertaining to the alveolus
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alveolar
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spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi
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bronchospasm
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destruction and widening of the large airways; caused by weakening of the bronchial wall from infection
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bronchiectasis
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a drug that causes dilation (enlargement) of the opening of a bronchus to improve ventilation to the lungs (e.g., albuterol)
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bronchodilator
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abnormal connection between the bronchial tube and the pleural cavity; occurring as a result of lung disease, this can cause an air leak into the pleural space
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bronchopleural fistula
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an acute viral infection occurring in infants younger than 18 months of age
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bronchiolitis
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excess carbon dioxide
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hypercapnia
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abnormal condition caused by dust in the lungs, with chronic inflammation, infection, and bronchitis
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pneumoconiosis
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a bluish discoloration, especially of the skin and mucous membranes due to deficient oxygen in the blood
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cyanosis
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inflammation of the epiglottis; characterized by fever, sore throat, and an erythematous, swollen epiglottis
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epiglottitis
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pertaining to the larynx
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laryngeal
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spasmodic closure of the larynx
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laryngospasm
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inflammation of the larynx generally associated with hoarseness or loss of voice
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laryngitis
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excision of a lobe
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lobectomy
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a procedure in which an endoscope is inserted through an incision in the chest
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mediastinoscopy
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sinuses near the nose
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paranasal sinuses
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an abnormal condition in which breathing is easier in the upright position; a major cause is congestive heart failure
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orthopnea
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the removal of a small, localized area of diseased tissue near the surface of the lung
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wedge resection
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the removal of a bronchiole and its alveoli (one or more lung segments)
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segmental resection
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the removal of an entire lung
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pneumonectomy
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ox/o
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oxygen
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pector/o
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chest
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pharyng/o
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pharynx, throat
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phon/o
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voice
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phren/o
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diaphragm
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pleur/o
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pleura
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pneum/o, pneumon/o
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air, lung
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pulmon/o
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lung
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rhin/o
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nose
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sinus/o
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sinus, cavity
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spir/o
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breathing
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tel/o
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complete
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thorac/o
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chest
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tonsill/o
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tonsils
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trache/o
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trachea, windpipe
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tissues have a decreased amount of oxygen, and cyanosis can result
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hypoxia
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coughing up and spitting out materials from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea
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expectoration
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pertaining to the pharynx
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pharyngeal
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hoarseness or other voice impairment
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dysphonia
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the motor nerve to the diaphragm
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phrenic nerve
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pain in the pleural cavity; the intercostal muscles are inflamed
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pleurodynia
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the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
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pleural effusion
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the escape of fluid from blood vessels or lymphatics into a cavity or into tissue spaces
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effusion
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free air in the chest outside the lungs; air accumulates in the pleural cavity, between the layers of the pleura
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pneumothorax
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removal of an entire lung or part of a lung
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pneumonectomy
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pertaining to the lungs
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pulmonary
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the free discharge of a thin nasal mucus
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rhinorrhea
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plastic surgery on the nose
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rhinoplasty
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inflammation of the sinuses
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sinusitis
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an instrument for measuring the air inhaled into and exhaled from the lungs, such as in pulmonary function tests
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spirometer
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exhalation
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expiration
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breathing
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respiration
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marked by rhythmic changes in the depth of breathing occurring every 45 seconds to 3 minutes; cause may be heart failure or brain damage
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Cheyne-Stokes respirations
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collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of a lung; may occur after surgery when a patient experiences pain and does not take deep breaths, preventing full expansion of the lungs
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atelectasis
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surgical incision into the pleural space through the wall of the chest
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thoracotomy
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pertaining to the chest
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thoracic
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the oropharyngeal (palatine) tonsils are removed
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tonsillectomy
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surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck
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tracheotomy
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having an endotracheal tube in place for a prolonged period may lead to tracheal trauma or the formation of scar tissue; narrowing of the trachea
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tracheal stenosis
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-ema
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condition
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-osmia
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smell
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-pnea
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breathing
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-ptysis
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spitting
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-sphyxia
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pulse
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-thorax
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pleural cavity, chest
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a collection of pus in the pleural cavity
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empyema
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absence of the sense of smell
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anosmia
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slowed or stopped breathing
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apnea
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sudden cessation of breathing during sleep
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sleep apnea
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gentle ventilatory support used to keep the airways open
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CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure)
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shortness of breath
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dyspnea
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sudden
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paroxysmal
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shortness of breath that may be experienced by patients with congestive heart failure
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paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
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an increase in the depth of breathing occurring normally with exercise and abnormally with any condition in which the supply of oxygen is inadequate
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hyperpnea
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excessively rapid and shallow breathing; hyperventilation
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tachypnea
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spitting up blood
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hemoptysis
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pathological changes caused by lack of oxygen in respired air, resulting in hypoxia and hypercapnia; blockage of breathing
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asphyxia
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a collection of blood in the space between the chest wall and the lung (the pleural cavity)
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hemothorax
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a collection of pus in the pleural cavity
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empyema (pyothorax)
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listening to sounds within the body
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auscultation
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tapping on a surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure
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percussion
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scratching sound produced by the motion of inflamed or irritated pleural surfaces rubbing against each other; also called a friction rub
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pleural rub
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fine crackling sound heard on auscultation (during inspiration) when there is fluid in the alveoli
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rale (crackle)
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loud rumbling sound heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum
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rhonchus (plural: rhonchi)
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material expelled from the chest by coughing or clearing the throat
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sputum
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containing pus
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purulent
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C&S studies
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culture and sensitivity
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strained, high-pitched, relatively loud sound made on inspiration; associated with obstruction of the larynx or trachea
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stridor
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continuous high-pitched whistling sound heard when air is forced through a narrow space during inspiration or expiration; usually caused by tightening of the bronchi in patients with asthma
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wheeze
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acute viral infection in infants and children; characterized by obstruction of the larynx, barking cough, and stridor
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croup
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the most common causative agents of croup
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influenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
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RSV
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respiratory syncytial virus
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acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the diphtheria bacterium (Corynebacterium)
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diphtheria
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nosebleed (commonly results from irritation of nasal mucous membranes, trauma, vitamin K deficiency, clotting abnormalities, or hypertension)
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epistaxis
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highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx, and trachea caused by Bordella pertussis; also known as whooping cough
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pertussis
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sudden
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paroxysmal
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chronic inflammatory disorder with airway obstruction caused by bronchial edema, bronchoconstriction, and increased mucus production
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asthma
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chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection in the lower lobes of the lung
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bronchiectasis
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inflammation of the bronchi persisting over a long time
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chronic bronchitis
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inherited disorder of exocrine glands resulting in thick, mucous secretions that do not drain normally
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cystic fibrosis
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pus-containing
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purulent
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noncurative
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palliative
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incomplete expansion of alveoli; collapsed, functionless, airless lung or portion of a lung; caused by tumor or other obstruction of the bronchus or poor respiratory effort
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atelectasis
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hyperinflation of air sacs with destruction of alveolar walls
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emphysema
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right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure; failure of the right side of the heart caused by prolonged high blood pressure in the pulmonary artery and right ventricle of the heart
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cor pulmonale
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malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi
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lung cancer
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two general categories of lung cancers
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non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
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acute inflammation and infection of alveoli, which fill with pus or products of the inflammatory reaction
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pneumonia
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fluid, blood cells, and debris
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exudate
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involves patchy consolidation (abscesses) in the lung parenchyma; common in infants and the elderly
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bronchopneumonia
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results from a contagious respiratory infection caused by a variety of viruses and bacteria
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community-acquired pneumonia
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acquired during hospitalization
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nosocomial
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caused by material, such as food or vomit, lodging in bronchi or lungs
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aspiration pneumonia
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a large collection of pus in the lungs
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pulmonary abscess
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swelling and fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles; most commonly caused by the inability of the heart to pump blood (congestive heart failure)
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pulmonary edema
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clot
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thrombus
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clot (thrombus) or other material lodges in vessels of the lung
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pulmonary embolism (PE)
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dead (necrotic) tissue in the lung, often caused by an occlusion from a clot
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pulmonary infarction
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blood supply
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perfusion
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formation of scar tissue in the connective tissue of the lungs
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pulmonary fibrosis
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chronic inflammatory disease of unknown cause in which small nodules or tubercles develop in lungs, lymph nodes, and other organs
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sarcoidosis
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infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis lungs usually are involved, but any organ in the body may be affected
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tuberculosis (TB)
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rare, malignant tumor arising in the pleura; associated with asbestos exposure
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mesothelioma
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abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
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pleural effusion
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inflammation of the pleura
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pleurisy (pleuritis)
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collection of air in the pleural space
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pneumothorax
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the artificial production of adhesions between the parietal and visceral pleura for treatment of persistent pneumothorax and severe pleural effusion
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pleurodesis
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-desis
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to bind
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failure of the right side of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the lungs because of underlying lung disease
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cor pulmonale
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collection of fluid in the pleural cavity
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hydrothorax
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pertaining to a sudden occurrence, such as a spasm or seizure
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paroxysmal
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disease due to silica or glass dust in the lungs; occurs in mining occupation
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silicosis
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radiographic image of the thoracic cavity (chest film)
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chest x-ray (CXR)
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computer-generated x-ray images show thoracic structures in cross section
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computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest
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x-ray images are obtained after radiopaque contrast is injected into the pulmonary artery
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pulmonary angiography or arteriography
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magnetic waves create detailed images of the chest in frontal, lateral, and cross-sectional (axial) planes
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the chest
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radioactive substance is injected and images reveal metabolic activity in the lung
(this scanning technique can identify malignant tumors, which have higher metabolic activity) |
positron emission tomography (PET) scan of the lung
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detection device records radioactivity in the lung after injection of a radioisotope or inhalation of small amount of radioactive gas (xenon)
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ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan
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fiberoptic or rigid endoscope inserted into the bronchial tubes for diagnosis, biopsy, or collection of specimens
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bronchoscopy
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bronchioalveolar lavage
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bronchial washing
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placement of a tube through the mouth into the pharynx, larynx, and trachea to establish an airway
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endotracheal intubation
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visual examination of the voice box
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laryngoscopy
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removal of lung tissue followed by microscopic examination
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lung biopsy
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endoscopic visual examination of the mediastinum
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mediastinoscopy
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tests that measure the ventilation mechanics of the lung
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pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
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measures the volume and rate of air passings in and out of the lung
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spirometer
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surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pleural space
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thoracentesis
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major surgical incision of the chest
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thoracotomy
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visual examination of the chest via small incisions and use of an endoscope
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thoracoscopy (thorascopy)
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surgical creation of an opening into the trachea through the neck
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tracheostomy
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determines past or present tuberculous infection based on a positive skin reaction
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tuberculin test (PPD)
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chest tube is passed through an opening in the skin of the chest to continuously drain a pleural effusion
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tube thoracostomy
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