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130 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
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name the 5 levels of organisation in the body from smalest to largest
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Cellular level Tissue level Organ level System level Organismic level
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C T O S O
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cytology is......
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the study of the body at the cellular level
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what is a cell and what begins at the cellular level
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its the structural and functional unit of life.
the disease process originates at the cellular level. |
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what are tissues
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groups of cells that perform a specialised activity.
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What are the 4 types of tissue ?
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Connective
Muscle Epithelial Nervous |
C M E N
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Connective Tissue .....
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supports and connects other tissues and organs
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Muscle Tissue is.....
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the contractile tissue of the body
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Epithelial Tissue is........
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composed of cells arranged in a continuous sheet consisting of one or more layers.....
it forms the epidermis of the skin, covers surfaces of organs, lines cavities and canals, forms tubes, ducts, and secreting portions of glands. |
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Nervous Tissues are .....
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tissues that are capable of transmitting electrical impulses
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Organs are ....
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body structures composed of at least two different tissue types that perform specialized functions.
I.E. the stomach is composed of muscle tissue and epithelial tissue. |
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a body system is composed of....
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at least one organ and accessory structures that have similar or interrelated functions.
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break down the word disease
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dis ease
lack of ease |
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from a clinical point of view disease is .....
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a pathological or morbid condition of the body that presents a group of signs, symptoms, and clinical findings.
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clinically morbid means ...
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pathological or disease
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signs are......
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objective indicators that are observible by others
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a symptom is ....
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subjective and is experienced only by the patient.
dizziness, pain, and malaise are examples |
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clinical findings are.......
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results of laboratory examinations and other tests performed on the patient.
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malaise is ....
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felling crappy
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all body cells require what for survivel ?
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oxygen and nutrients
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what is homeostasis?
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a stable internal environment.
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What is a stable internal environment?
IE homeostasis |
it's an environment that provides a narrow range of temperature, water, acidity, and salt concentration. as well as oxygen and nutrients.
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what is pathology?
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when homeostasis is significantly interupted and cells, tissues, organs, or systems are unable to meet the challenges of everyday life the condition.
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what is pathogenesis?
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the study of the progression of a disease.
this varies from disease to disease |
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what is Etiology?
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the study of all factors involved in the development of disease.
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what are the 6 types of etiology?
** give an example for each ** |
Metabolic (diabetes)
Infectious (measles, mumps) Congenital(cleft lip)*present at birth* Hereditary (hemophilia) Environmental (burns, trauma) Neoplastic (cancer) |
M I C H E N
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a diagnosis is ......
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establishing the cause and nature of a disease.
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a prognosis is .....
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the prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome.
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idiopathic is ....
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any disease whose cause is unknown
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What is anatomical position?
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the placement of the body in a stance that is accepted by the medical practice.
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Describe anatomical position.
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body is erect and the eyes are looking forward, the upper limbs hang to the sides, with the palms facing to the front; the lower limbs are parallel, with thte toes pointing forward. Regardless of whether the vody actually lies facing upward or downward, or how the limbs are actually placed.
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What is an anatomical plane?
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it's an imaginary flat surface that passes through the body at different places in order to divide it for anatomical purposes.
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name the 4 anatomical planes of the body.
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Midsagittal or Medial
Sagittal Coronal or Frontal Transverse or horizontal |
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what is the anatomical division of the midsagittal or median plane?
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Equal Right and left halves
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what is the anatomical division of the Sagittal plane?
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unequal right and left sides
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what is the anatomical division of the coronal or frontal?
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front side (anterior or ventral aspect) and back side (posterior or dorsal aspect)
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what is the anatomical division of the Transverse or horizontal plane?
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upper portion (superior aspect) and lower portion ( inferior aspect)
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What are the 2 major body cavitis?
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dorsal and ventral
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The dorsal cavity is divided into 2 sections. what are they and what are the major organs found in each?
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Cranial (brain)
Spinal (spinal cord) |
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the ventral cavity is devided into two cavities.... what are they and what are the major organs found in it?
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Thoracic
(heart,lungs,and associated structures) Abdominopelvic (Digestive, excetory, and reproductive systems and associated structures.) |
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The amniopelvic region can be devided into 9 major sections. What are they called?
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right and left hypochondriac
Epigastric right and left lumbar umbilical right and left iliac or inguinal Hypogastric |
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The epigastric region is located where ?
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region of the stomach
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the right hypochondriac is located where?
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upper right region beneath the ribs
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the right lumbar region is located where ?
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right middle lateral region
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the umbilical region is located where ?
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region of the navel
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the right iliac region is located where?
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right lower lateral region
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the hypogastric region is located where?
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lower middle region beneath the navel
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For the purposes of clinical evaluation the abdomniopelvic region may be divided into 4 quadrants called?
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Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) |
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what is an x-ray examination ?
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an energy beam in the x band of the radiation spectrum passes through the area of the body to be examined. Denser tissue absorbs more of the beam than does tissue of a lesser density. Because of the difference in densities of various tissues, an image, called a radiograph or x-ray film is produced.
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what are radiopaque materials ?
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substances that absorb x-rays
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computed tomography or ct scan is what?
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is a variation of the radiographic technique but more sensitive and particularly valuable in detecting soft body tissue diseases. This image appears as a slice of an organ or body part. the term tomography literally means "a recording or record of a slice."
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Magnetic resonance imaging or MRI is?
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another type of scanning technique however a magnetic field rather than an x-ray beam is used to produce the image. A magnetic field induces tissue to produce radiofrequency (RF)waves. These produce sharper images of soft tissue than tose obtained using CT scans, and it DOES NOT use x-rays.
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Ultrasonography is?
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a technique that reflects high-frequency sound (ultrasonic)waves off internal tissues. The resultant images are not as clear as those poduced wth x-rays or RF waves, but the ultrasonography is easy to use and inexpensive and causes little or no risk to the patient.
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what are the 5 divisions of the spine?
and about where are they placed? |
cervical (neck) C1-7
Thoracic (chest) T1-12 Lumbar (loin) L1-5 Sacral (lower back)S1-5 Coccyx (tailbone) coccyx 1-4 or 5 |
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Superficial
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toward the surface of the body
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Deep
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away from the surface of the body (internal)
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Abduction
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movement away from the median plane of the body or one of it's parts.
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adduction
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movement toward the median plane of the body.
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medial
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pertaining to the midline of the body or structure.
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lateral
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pertaining to a side
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superior (cephalad)
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toward the head or upper portion of a structure
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inferior (caudal)
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away from the head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure.
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proximal
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near the attachment of an extremity to the trunk of a structure
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distal
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farther from the attachment of an extremity to the trunk or a structure
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anterior (ventral)
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near the front of the body
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postherior (dorsal)
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near the back of the body
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parietal
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pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity
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visceral
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pertaining to an organ
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prone
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FACE DOWN
lying horizontal with the face downward, or denoting the hand with the palms urned downward |
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supine
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ON SPINE
lying on the back with the face upward, or denoting the position of the hand or food with the pam or foot facing upward. |
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inversion
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turning inward or inside out
usually pertains to the feet |
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eversion
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turning outward
usually pertains to the feet |
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palmar
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pertaining to the palm of the hand
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plantar
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pertaining to the sole of the foot
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cyt-
cytologist |
cell
one who studies the cell |
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hist-
histology |
tissue
study of tissue |
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nucle-
nucleotoxin |
nucleus
poison of the nucleus |
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anter-
anteroposterior |
anterior, front
behind the front or anterior of the body |
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caud-
caudal |
tail
pertaining to the tail |
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dist-
distal |
far, farthest
pertaining to the farthest point |
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dors-
dorsal |
back (of body)
pertaining to the back |
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infer-
inferior |
lower, below
pertaining to a lower portion of the body |
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later-
lateroabdominal |
side, to one side
pertaining to one side of the abdomen |
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medi-
mediolateral |
middle
pertaining to the middle side |
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poster-
posterolateral |
back (of body), behind, posterior
pertaining to the posterior side of the body. |
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proxim-
proximal |
near, nearest
pertaining to near the body |
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ventr-
ventral |
belly, belly-side
pertaining to the belly |
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abdomin-
abdominopelvic |
abdomen
pertaining to the abdomen and pelvis |
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acr-
acromegaly |
extremity
enlargement of an extremity |
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inguin-
inguinal |
groin
pertaining to the groin |
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lumb-
lumbodynia |
loin
pain in the loin |
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omphal-
omphalocele |
navel (umbilicus)
herniation of the navel |
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pelvi
pelvimetry |
pelvis
measureing the pelvis |
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pelv-
pelvoscopy |
pelvis
visual examination of the pelvis |
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albin-
albinism |
white
a condition of being white |
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leuc-
leucocyte |
white
white cell |
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leuk-
leukoderma |
white
skin that is white |
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anthrac-
anthracosis |
black, coal
abnormal condition of being black |
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chlor-
chlorocyte |
green
a cell that is green |
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cirrh-
cirrhosis |
yellow
abnormal condition of being yellow |
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jaund-
jaundice |
yellow
yellow looking |
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xanth-
xanthemia |
yellow
yellow blood |
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cyan-
cyanoderma |
blue
skin that is blue in color |
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erythem-
erythema |
red
redish |
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erythr-
erythrocyte |
red
red cell |
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rube-
rubeosis |
red
abnormal condition of being red |
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melan-
melanoma |
black
a tumor that is black |
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poli-
poliomyelitis |
gray
inflammation of a gray spinal cord |
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fasci-
fasciitis |
band
inflamation of a band |
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home-
homeostasis |
same, alike
alike things standing still |
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idi-
idiopathic |
unknown, peculiar
pertaining to an unknown disease or Pertaining to a peculiar disease |
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path-
pathogen |
disease
to produce disease |
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radi-
radiography |
radiation, x-ray
process of recording an x-ray |
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somat-
somatopathic |
body
pertaining to a body that is diseased |
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viscer-
visceromegaly |
internal organs, vicera
enlargement of the internal organs |
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xen-
xenograft |
foreign, strange
tissue transplant of a foreign or strange object. |
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xer-
xerosis |
dry
abnormal condition of being dry |
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-genesis
pathogenesis |
forming, producing, origin
forming, producing, or origin of a disease |
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-genosis
prognosis |
knowing
before knowing |
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-gram
sonogram |
record, a writing
a record of sound |
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-graph
sonograph |
instrument for recording
an insrument for recording sound |
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-graphy
myelography |
process of recording
process of recording the spinal cord |
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-pathy
cystopathy |
disease
a diseased cell |
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allo-
alloplasty |
other, differing from the usual
surgical repair that is differing from the usual |
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peri-
pericardium |
around
around the heart |
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ultra-
ultrasound |
excess, beyond
sound that is in excess |
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Abbreviation
GU |
genitourinary
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Abbreviation
I&D |
incision and drainage
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Abbreviation
LAT, lat |
lateral
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Abbreviation
ROM |
range of motion
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Abbreviation
U&L, U/L |
upper and lower
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