Medical Terminology Mod 6

Front 1

lymphaden/o

Back 1

produce lymphocytes and filter harmful waste from lymph

Front 2

tonsill/o, adenoid/o

Back 2

protect entry into the respiratory system

Front 3

splen/o

Back 3

-filters foreign material from the blood

-stores red blood cells, and maintains appropriate balance between cells and plasma in the blood

-destroys old worn out blood cells, acts as a blood reservoir and stores platelets

Front 4

lymp/o

Back 4

return cellular waste and tissue fluid to the circulatory system

Front 5

myel/o

Back 5

produce blood cells

Front 6

lymph/o, -cyte

Back 6

play an important role in immune reactions

Front 7

thym/o

Back 7

produce T lymphocytes for the immune system

Front 8

immun/o

Back 8

defends body against harmful substances

Front 9

allergist

Back 9

specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity such as allergic reactions

Front 10

hematologist

Back 10

specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues

Front 11

immunologist

Back 11

specialist in the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders of the immune system

Front 12

oncologist

Back 12

specialist in diagnosing and treating malignant disorders such as tumors and cancer

Front 13

interstitial fluid (intercellular fluid)

Back 13

plasma that flows out of the capillaries of the circirculatory system into the spaces between cells

Front 14

lymph fluid (lymph)

Back 14

returns intercellular fluid containing waste products from the cells to the venous circulatory system

Front 15

lymph capillaries

Back 15

thin walled tubes that carry lymph fluid from the tissues to the larger lymphatic vessels

Front 16

lacteals

Back 16

specialized lymph capillaries located in the villi of the small intestine. fats and fat soluble vitamins are absorbed and carried into the bloodstream

Front 17

cervical lymph nodes

Back 17

located in the neck

Front 18

axillary lymph nodes

Back 18

located under the arms

Front 19

inguinal lymph nodes

Back 19

located in the inguinal area of the lower abdomen

Front 20

tonsils

Back 20

masses of lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring around the nose and upper throat

Front 21

adenoids or nasopharyngeal tonsils

Back 21

located in nasopharynx

Front 22

palatine tonsils

Back 22

located in the portion of the throat that is visible through the mouth

Front 23

lingual tonsils

Back 23

located at the base of the tongue

Front 24

vermiform appendix

Back 24

lymphatic tissue that hangs from the lower portion of the cecum of the large intestine

Front 25

peyer's patches

Back 25

small areas of lymphatic tissue located on the walls of the large intestine

Front 26

hemolytic

Back 26

removes and destroys worn-out red blood cells

Front 27

thymus

Back 27

located superior to the heart. plays an important role in the endocrine and immune systems

Front 28

lymphadenitis

Back 28

inflammation of the lump nodes (aka swollen glands)

Front 29

lymphadenopathy

Back 29

any disease process usually involving enlargement of the lymph nodes

Front 30

persistent generalized lympadenopathy

Back 30

continued presence of enlarged lymph nodes

Front 31

lymphangiogram

Back 31

benign abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels forming a mass

Front 32

lymphedem

Back 32

abnormal accumulation of fluid primarily in the legs and ankles that occurs when veins or lymph vessels do not drain properly

Front 33

splenomegaly

Back 33

enlargement of the spleen

Front 34

splenorrhagia

Back 34

bleeding from the spleen

Front 35

antigen (ag)

Back 35

any substance such as a virus, bacterium, or toxin that the body regards as foreign

Front 36

antibody (Ab)

Back 36

disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of that specific antigen

Front 37

immun reaction (antigen-antibody reaction)

Back 37

involves binding foreign antigens to the antibodies that form antigen-antibody complexes. this tags the potential dangerous antigen so that it can be recognized and destroyed

Front 38

lymphocytes

Back 38

WBCs that specialize so they can attack specific microorganisms. formed in the bone marrow and mature and differentiate in the lymphatic tissue throughout the body. two major classes are B and T cells

Front 39

B lymphocytes

Back 39

designed to make only one specific antibody against a specific antigen. Most effective against viruses and bacteria

Front 40

plasma cells

Back 40

produce and secrete antibodies coded to match the antigen

Front 41

complement

Back 41

complex series of proteins that circulate in normal serum. activated on contact with an antigen and aid the antibodies by puncturing the cell membrane of the antigen

Front 42

immunoglobulin M

Back 42

first immunoglobulin produced when challenged by an antigen and is found in circulating fluids

Front 43

Immunoglobulin G

Back 43

most common type of antibody found in the plasma, formed after second exposure to an antigen

Front 44

Immunoglobulin A

Back 44

major antibody that protects against invasion through mucous membranes and is found primarily in tissues other than blood

Front 45

Immunoglobulin E

Back 45

provides defenses against environmental antigens. antibody that causes allergic reactions

Front 46

Immunoglobulin D

Back 46

found in small amounts in serum and thought to play a role in B-cell differentiation

Front 47

T lymphocytes

Back 47

small circulating lymphocytes that have traveled to thymus where they mature. Their primary function is to coordinate immune defenses and to kill invading organisms on contact

Front 48

interferon

Back 48

produced by the T cells. Is a family of proteins released by cells when invaded by a virus. They cause non infected cells to form an antiviral protein that slows or stops viral multiplication

Front 49

lymphokines

Back 49

produced by T cells, they direct the immune response by signaling between cells. They attract macrophages to the infect site and prepare them to attack

Front 50

macrophage

Back 50

type of phagocyte that protects the body by ingesting invading cells

Front 51

phagocyte

Back 51

a WBC with the ability to ingest and destroy substances

Front 52

phagocytosis

Back 52

the process of ingesting substances such as debris, dust, pollen, and pathogens

Front 53

natural immunity

Back 53

immunity passed from a mother to fetus before birth. Also passed through breast milk after birth.

Front 54

acquired immunity

Back 54

immunity obtained by the development of antibodies during an attack of an infectious disease

Front 55

artificial immunity

Back 55

immunity acquired through vaccination

Front 56

opportunistic infection

Back 56

pathogen that normally does not cause disease but is able to cause illness in a weakened host when resistance has been decreased by a different disorder

Front 57

allergy (hypersensitivity)

Back 57

overreaction by the body to a particular antigen

Front 58

allergen

Back 58

an antigen that is capable of inducing an allergic response

Front 59

localized allergic response

Back 59

allergic response where the body does not react the first time it is exposed to an allergen. sensitivity is established and future contacts cause symptoms

Front 60

anaphylaxis

Back 60

severe response to a foreign substance. symptoms develop quickly and include swelling, blockage of air ways, or a drop in bp

Front 61

scratch test

Back 61

diagnostic test to identify commonly troublesome allergens. swelling and itching indicate an allergic reaction

Front 62

antihistamines

Back 62

medications administered to block and control allergic reactions

Front 63

autoimmune disorder

Back 63

condition in which the immune system misreads normal antigens and creates antibodies and directs T cells against the body's own tissues

Front 64

crohns disease

Back 64

autoimmune disease that affects the intestines, ileum, or colon

Front 65

diabetes mellitus type 1

Back 65

autoimmune disease that affects the insulin producing pancreatic cells

Front 66

graves disease

Back 66

autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid gland

Front 67

hashimotos thyroiditis

Back 67

autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid gland. produces butterfly rash

Front 68

lupus erythematosus

Back 68

autoimmune disease that affects the skin and other body systems

Front 69

myasthenia gravis

Back 69

autoimmune disease that affects the nerve/muscle synapses

Front 70

multiple sclerosis

Back 70

autoimmune disease that affects the brains and spinal cord

Front 71

psoriasis

Back 71

autoimmune disease that affects the skin

Front 72

rheumatoid arthritis

Back 72

autoimmune disease that affects the connective tissues particularly in the hands

Front 73

scleroderma

Back 73

autoimmune disease that affects the skin and other tissues

Front 74

immunodeficiency disorder

Back 74

condition that occurs when one or more parts of the immune system are deficient or missing

Front 75

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Back 75

immunodeficiency disorder characterized by a bloodborne pathogen that invades and then progressively impairs or kills cells of the immune system

Front 76

enzyme-linked immunoasorbent assay (ELISA)

Back 76

blood test used to screen for the presence of HIV antibodies

Front 77

false-positive

Back 77

an inaccurate test result indicating the presence of a disease (HIV) when it is not true

Front 78

western blot test

Back 78

2nd test run when ELISA test is positive, is used to confirm diagnosis of HIV

Front 79

immunotherapy

Back 79

treatment of disease either by enhancing or repressing the immune response

ex: allergy treatment represses immune response, cancer treatment stimulates immune response

Front 80

synthetic immunoglobulins (immune serum)

Back 80

used as a post exposure preventive measure against certain viruses

Front 81

synthetic interferon

Back 81

used in the treatment of hepatitis B and C and some cancers

Front 82

monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)

Back 82

antibodies produces in the lab. used in lab research, medical tests, and treatment of some non-hodgkins lymphoma, melanoma, and breast and colon cancers

Front 83

immunosuppression

Back 83

treatment use to interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens

Front 84

immunosuppressant

Back 84

drug that prevents or reduces the body's normal reactions to invasion by disease or foreign tissues. often used to prevent rejection of donor tissues

Front 85

corticosteroid drug

Back 85

drug that is a hormone like preparation used primarily as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant

Front 86

cytotoxic drug

Back 86

drug that kills or damages cells

Front 87

antineoplastic

Back 87

blocks the growth of neoplasms and is used to treat cancer

Front 88

pathogen

Back 88

microorganism that causes a disease

Front 89

bacteria

Back 89

group of one-celled microscopic organisms whose types include bacilli, rickettsia, spirochetes, staphylococci, and streptococci

Front 90

bacilli

Back 90

rod shaped spore forming bacteria. Tetanus and tuberculosis cased by this.

Front 91

rickettsia

Back 91

small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites that transmit infection to humans. ex: rocky mountain spotted fever

Front 92

spirochetes

Back 92

spiral shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement. lyme disease caused by this.

Front 93

staphylococci

Back 93

bacteria that form irregular groups. Endocarditis pneumonia and some skin infections caused by this

Front 94

streptococci

Back 94

bacteria that form a chain. pharyngitis (strep throat) is caused by this

Front 95

fungus

Back 95

simple parasitic plant

Front 96

aspergillosis

Back 96

infection caused by a fungus of the genus aspergillus. may caused inflammation and lesions on or in any organ

Front 97

moniliasis

Back 97

infection of the skin or mucous membranes caused by the pathogenic yeast candida albicans. usually localized in mouth or vagina

Front 98

parasite

Back 98

plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of the that organism

Front 99

malaria

Back 99

caused by a parasite that lives within certain mosquitoes and is transferred to humans by mosquito bite

Front 100

viruses

Back 100

very small infectious agents that live only by invading cells. they reproduce and break cell walls to release themselves to infect other cells

Front 101

chickenpox

Back 101

acute highly contagious viral disease characterized by a fever and pustules. caused by varicella zoster and transmitter by respiratory droplets or direct contact with sores

Front 102

cytomegalovirus CMV

Back 102

an infection caused by a group of large herpes type viruses with a wide variety of disease effects

Front 103

herpes zoster (shingles or HZ)

Back 103

acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of the inflamed nerve. inflammation is caused by dormant chickenpox virus reactivated years later with a compromised immune system

Front 104

infectious mononucleosis

Back 104

caused by eptsein-barr virus, characterized by fever, every sore throat and enlarge lymph nodes. kissing disease

Front 105

measles

Back 105

acute, highly contagious coral disease transmitted by respiratory droplets. characterized first by appearance of kopeks spots and then followed by skin rash

Front 106

kopliks spots

Back 106

small red spots with blue white center that appear on the lining of mouth

Front 107

mumps

Back 107

acute viral disease characterized by swelling of parotid glands

Front 108

rabies

Back 108

acute viral infection that may be trasnmitted to humans by the blood, tissue, or saliva of an infected animal

Front 109

rubella (german measles)

Back 109

viral infection characterized by fever and a diffuse, fine, red rash

Front 110

antibiotic

Back 110

chemical substance that is capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic microorganisms. used to combat bacterial infections

Front 111

bactericide

Back 111

substance that causes the death of bacteria. primarily the antibiotic groups of penicillins and cephalosporins

Front 112

bacteriostatic

Back 112

agent that inhibits, slows, or retards the growth of baxter. primarily include antibiotic groups of tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and erythromycins

Front 113

antiviral drug

Back 113

used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary immunity

Front 114

oncology

Back 114

study of the prevention, causes, and treatment of tumors and cancer

Front 115

tumor (neoplasm)

Back 115

new and abnormal tissue formation

Front 116

angiogenesis

Back 116

whats the term for when a tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply

Front 117

benign

Back 117

not recurring, nonmalignant, and with favorable chance for recovery

Front 118

myoma

Back 118

benign neoplasm made up of muscle tissue

Front 119

malignant

Back 119

harmful, tending to spread, becoming progressively worse, and life-threatening

Front 120

carcinoma in situ

Back 120

describes a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surround tissues

Front 121

invasive malignancy

Back 121

bad tumor that grows and spreads into healthy adjacent tissues

Front 122

metastasize

Back 122

verb that describes the process by which cancer spreads from one place to another

Front 123

metastasis

Back 123

the new cancer site that results from the spreading process

Front 124

staging

Back 124

the process of classifying tumors with respect to how far the disease has progressed, the potential for its responding to therapy, and the patients prognosis

Front 125

stage 1

Back 125

stage of hodgkins where it is limited to lymph nodes in one area of the body such as one side of the neck

Front 126

stage 2

Back 126

stage of hodgkins where it involves lymph nodes in two or more areas on the same side of the diaphragm

Front 127

stage 3

Back 127

stage of hodgkins where it involves lymph nodes above and below the diaphragm

Front 128

stage 4

Back 128

stage of hodgkins that involves lymph nodes plus other tissues including bone marrow, lungs or liver

Front 129

carcinoma

Back 129

malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

Front 130

adenocarcinoma

Back 130

any one of a large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue

Front 131

sarcoma

Back 131

malignant tumor that arises from connective tissue. affected tissues include bones, bladder, kidneys, liver, lungs,muscles, or spleen

Front 132

osteosarcoma

Back 132

malignant tumor usually involving the upper shaft of long bones, the pelvis, or knee

Front 133

myosarcoma

Back 133

malignant soft tissue sarcoma derived from muscle tissue

Front 134

kaposis sarcoma

Back 134

opportunistic infection frequently associated with HIV. may affect skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes and internal organs

Front 135

lymphoma

Back 135

general term applied to malignancies that develop in the lymphatic system. two most common types are hodgkins and non hodgkins

Front 136

hodgkins disease

Back 136

distinguished by the presence of reed sternberg cells. these are large cancerous lymphocytes tha tare identified by microscopic examination of a biopsy specimen taken from an enlarged lymph node

Front 137

non-hodgkins lymphomas

Back 137

used to describe all lymphomas other than hodgkins lymphoma. cells of the lymphatic system divide and grow without any order or control which causes tumors to develop in different locations

Front 138

balstoma

Back 138

neoplasm composed chiefly or entirely of immature undifferentiated cells

Front 139

neurobalstoma

Back 139

a sarcoma of the nervous system origin

Front 140

retinoblastoma

Back 140

a malignant tumor of childhood arising from cells of the retina of the eye and usually occurring before the third year of life

Front 141

invasive ductal carcinoma

Back 141

breast cancer that starts in the MILK DUCTS, breaks through the wall of the duct and invades fatty breast tissue. accounts for the majority of breast tissue

Front 142

ductal carcinoma in situ

Back 142

breast cancer at its earliest stage before the cancer has broken through the wall of the duct

Front 143

invasive lobular carcinoma

Back 143

cancer that starts in the MILK GLANDS, breaks through the wall of the gland and invades the fatty tissue of the breast

Front 144

lympectomy

Back 144

surgical removal of only the cancerous tissue and a margin of normal tissue

Front 145

modified radical mastectomy

Back 145

surgical removal of the entire breast and lymph nodes under the arm

Front 146

three most common forms of cancer treatments

Back 146

surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy

Front 147

chemotherapy

Back 147

use of chemical agents and drugs in combinations selected to effectively destroy malignant cells and tissues

Front 148

radiation therapy

Back 148

treatment of cancers through the use of x-rays. goal is to destroy the cancer while sparing healthy tissues

Front 149

brachytherapy

Back 149

use of radioactive materials in contact with or implanted into the tissues to be treated

Front 150

teletherapy

Back 150

radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body