Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
231 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
filtrate
|
fluid that passes from the blood through the capillary walls of the glomeruli into Bowman capsule
|
|
|
nitrogenous waste
|
product of protein metabolism that include urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, and ammonia
|
|
|
peristaltic wave
|
sequence of rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles of a hollow organ to force material forward and prevent backflow
|
|
|
peritoneum
|
serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of the organs within the cavity
|
|
|
pH
|
symbol that expresses the alkalinity or acidity of a soluiton
|
|
|
plasma
|
liquid portion of blood that is filtered by the nephrons to remove dissolved waste
|
|
|
microscopic filtering units of the kidney
|
nephrons
|
|
|
hilum
|
opening through which the renal artery enters and renal vein exits
|
|
|
Cavity formed where the ureter merges with the kidney
|
renal pelvis, a hollow chamber
|
|
|
Urine enters the bladder at the
|
ureteral orifice
|
|
|
trigone
|
triangular area at the base of the bladder that is delineated by the openings of the ureters and the urethra
Base of the trigone forms the urethra folds in bladder are called rugae |
|
|
micturition
|
urination
urine expelled through the urinary meatus |
|
|
each nephron includes a
|
renal corpuscle and a renal tubule
corpuscle composed of a tuft of capilaries called the glomerulus and a modified, enlarged extension of the renal tubule known as Bowman capsule that encapsulates the glomerulus |
|
|
The efferent arteriole passes behind the renal corpuscle to form the
|
peritubular capillaries, a network of capillaries that surround the renal tubule
|
|
|
Renal tubule consists of four sections:
|
proximal convoluted tubule, followed by the narrow loop of henle, then the larger distal tubule, and finally, the collecting tubule which transports newly formed urine to the renal pelvis for excretion by the kidneys
|
|
|
Three physiological functions of the nephron
|
filtration (in renal corpuscle)
reabsorption (as filtrate travels through tubule) secretion |
|
|
azot/o
|
nitrogenous compounds
azotemia - nitrogenous compounds in the blood urea is toxic! |
|
|
bacteri/o
|
bacteria
bacteriuria - bact in urine |
|
|
cyct/o
|
bladder
cystoscope - instrument for examining the bladder |
|
|
vesico
|
bladder
vesicocele - hernia of the bladder, aka cystocele |
|
|
kali
|
potassium
hypokalemia |
|
|
keton/o
|
ketone bodies (acids and acetones)
ketonuria - presence of ketone bodies in the urine |
|
|
lith/o
|
stone, calculus
lithoptripsy - crushing of a stone |
|
|
meat/o
|
opening, meatus
meatotomy - incision of the urinary meatus |
|
|
nephr/o
ren/o |
kidney
nephropexy - fixation of kidney |
|
|
noct/o
|
night
nocturia - excessive and frequent urination after going to bed |
|
|
oligo
|
scanty
oliguria - decreased production of urine |
|
|
py/o
|
pus
pyorrhea - flow or discharge of pus |
|
|
pyel/o
|
renal pelvis
pyeloplasty - surgical repair of the renal pelvis |
|
|
ur/o
|
urine, urinary tract
urolith - stone in tract |
|
|
ureter/o
|
ureter
ureterectasis - dilation of the ureter |
|
|
urethr/o
|
urethra
urethrostenosis - narrowing or stricture of the urethra |
|
|
-genesis
|
forming, producing, origin
|
|
|
-iasis
|
abnormal condition
|
|
|
-uria
|
urine
polyuria - much excretion of urine (>2.5 L per day) |
|
|
dia-
|
through, across
dialysis - separation across renal dialysis - procedure that uses a membrane to separate and selectively remove waste products from blood |
|
|
retro
|
backward, behind
retroperitoneal - pertaining to the area behind the peritoneum |
|
|
pyelonephritis
|
kidney infection or nephritis - inflammation of kidneys and renal pelvis
may lead to destruction or scarring of tissue dysuria, nephralgia, fatigue, urinary urgency/frequency, chills, nausea, vomiting treat with antibiotics |
|
|
Glomerulonephritis
|
inflammation of the glomerular membrane, causing it to become "leaky" (permeable)
RBCs and protein enter the tubule leading to retention of water and salts and causing injury to the glomeruli s/s - high bp, edema, impaired renal function often from streptoccoci |
|
|
nephrolithiasis
|
kidney stones
form when dissolved urine salts begin to solidify Lodge in ureters - ureterolithiasis, cause throbbing pain called colic, urine flows backward (refluxes) into renal pelvis causing it to dilate treatment with extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy - pulverized with ultrasound waves percutaneus nephrolithotomy - PCNL, opening in the kidney, nephroscope used to locate and remove stone |
|
|
Acute tubular necrosis
|
tubule of nephron injured by decrease in blood supply (ischemic ATN) or after the ingestion of toxic chemicals (nephrotoxic ATN)
scanty urine production (oliguria), fluid retention, mental apathy, nausea, vomiting, hypercalemia are general s/s |
|
|
most common types of bladder cancer
|
transitional cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma
s/s - hematuria, frequency, dysuria, and abdominal or back pain |
|
|
transurethral resection of bladder tumor
|
TURBT
malignant tissue destroyed by electric current or high-energy lasers |
|
|
anuria
|
absence of urine production or output
may be obstructive or unobstructive (severe damage to nephrons) |
|
|
bladder neck obstruction (BNO)
|
blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra
|
|
|
cystocele
|
prolapsing or downward displacement of the bladder due to weakening of the supporting tissues between a woman's bladder and vagina
|
|
|
dysuria
|
painful or difficult urination, commonly described as a "burning sensation" while urinating
|
|
|
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
|
any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring dialysis or kidney transplant
|
|
|
enuresis
|
involuntary discharge of urine, aka incontinence
|
|
|
fistula
|
abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another
vesicovaginal fistula - passage forms between bladder and vagina |
|
|
hydronephrosis
|
abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys due to pressure from accumulated urine that can't flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract
|
|
|
interstitial cystitis
|
chronic inflamm of bladder wall that isn't caused by bact infection and isn't responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy, aka painful bladder syndrome
|
|
|
nephrotic syndrome
|
loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane
hypoproteinemia, edema, and hyperlipedemia are associated |
|
|
neurogenic bladder
|
impairment of bladder control due to brain or nerve conduction
|
|
|
polycystic kidney disease
|
PKD
inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys |
|
|
vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
|
disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually due to impairment of the valve between the ureter and bladder or obstruction in the ureter
may result in hydronephrosis if obstruction is in proximal portion, or hydroureter and hydronephrosis if it's in the distal portion |
|
|
Wilms tumor
|
rapidly developing malignant neoplasm of the kidney that usually occurs in children
|
|
|
dialysis
hemodialysis peritoneal dialysis |
mechanical filtering process used to cleanse the blood of toxic substances, such a s nitrogenous wastes, when kidneys fail to function properly
hemo - artificial kidney machine receives waste-filled blood, filters, and returns the dialyzed (clean) blood to the patient's bloodstream peritoneal - toxic substances removed from the body by using the peritoneal membrane as the filter by perfusing the peritoneal cavity with warm sterile chemical solution |
|
|
Kidney transplant
|
replacement of a decreased kidney with one that is supplied by a compatible donor
|
|
|
nephropexy
|
fixation of a floating or mobile kidney
|
|
|
nephrostomy
|
passage of a tube through the skin into the renal pelvis to drain urine to a collecting receptacle outside the body when the ureters are unable to do so
besides urine drainage, may be used to provide access to assess kidney structures or kidney function or deliver medications |
|
|
Stent placement
ureteral |
insertion of a mesh tube into a natural passage conduit in the body to prevent, or counteract a disease-induced, localized flow construction
ureteral - insertion of a thin narrow tube into the ureter to prevent/treat obstruction of urine flow from the kidney |
|
|
urethrotomy
|
incision of a urethral stricture
|
|
|
electromyography
|
measures the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra
|
|
|
cystoscopy
|
examination of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, obtaining biopsies of tumors, and removal of polyps using a specialized endoscope
|
|
|
blood urea nitrogen
|
BUN
determines the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from urea, a waste product of protein metabolism |
|
|
culture and sensitivity
|
C&S
determines the causative organism of an infection and identifies how the organism responds to various antibiotics |
|
|
urinalysis
|
urine screening test that includes physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation
|
|
|
ultrasonography
bladder |
high-frequency waves (US) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as echoes to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure
bladder - US produces images of the bladder to measure pre- and postvoid residual urine, thus determining bladder volume and potentially, identifying incomplete bladder emptying |
|
|
intravenous pyelography
|
imaging of the urinary tract after IV injection of a contrast medium, aka excretory urography EU
|
|
|
nuclear scan
renal |
technique in which a radiopharmaceutical called a tracer is introduced into the body and a specialized camera (gamma camera) is used to produce images of organs and structures
renal - nuclear scan of the kidneys used to determine their size, shape, and position |
|
|
voiding cystourethrography
|
VCUG
x-ray of the bladder and urethra performed before, during, and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging to determine cause of repeated infections or stress incontinence and to id congenital or acquired structural abnormalities |
|
|
antibiotics
|
treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract by acting on the bacterial membrane or one of its metabolic processes
ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim |
|
|
antispasmodics
|
decrease spasms in the urethra and bladder by relaxing the smooth muscles lining their walls, thus allowing normal emptying of the bladder
oxybutynin |
|
|
diuretics
|
promote and increase the excretion of urine
used to treat edema, hypertension, heart failure, and various renal and hepatic diseases |
|
|
Potassium supplements
|
replace potassium due to depletion caused by diuretics
|
|
|
EBT
|
external beam therapy
|
|
|
IC
|
interstitial cystitis
|
|
|
IVP
|
intravenous pyelogram (ography)
|
|
|
PCNL
|
percutaneous nephrololithotomy
|
|
|
PKD
|
polycystic kidney disease
|
|
|
RP
|
retrograde pyelogram
|
|
|
TURBT
|
transurethral resection of bladder tumor
|
|
|
VCUG
|
voiding cystourethography
|
|
|
VUR
|
vesicoureteral reflux
|
|
|
Ovulation
|
when an ovum ripens, the mature follicle moves to the surface of the ovary, ruptures, and releases the ovum
afterward, the empty follicle is transformed into a structure called the corpus luteum, a small yellow mass that secretes estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
fibriae
|
fingerlike projections in fallopian tubes (oviducts/uterine tubes) that create wavelike currents in fluid surrounding the ovary to move the ovum into the uterine tube
|
|
|
Vaginal orifice is lubricated by secretions from
|
Bartholin glands
|
|
|
parturition
|
childbirth
|
|
|
what do you call the product of conception?
|
up to third month - embryo
3rd month to birth - fetus |
|
|
Phases of the menstrual cycle
|
menstrual (days 1-5) - uterine endometrium sloughs off because of homrmonal stimulation
Ovulatory - days 6-14 - when menstruation ceases, the endometrium begins to thicken as new tissue is rebuilt, as estrogen rises, several ova begin to mature in graafian follicles, 14th - follicle ruptures, releasing egg, leaves ovary and travels down tubes postovulatory - follicle fills with yellow material and is called corpus luteum, secretion of estrogen and progesterone stimulate bulding of endometrium, w/o fertilization, corpus luteum degenerates, lining sheds and cycle continues! |
|
|
stages of labor
|
stage of dilation - uterine contractions to complete dilation of the cervix (10 cm)
stage of expulsion - from dilation to birth placental stage - afterbirth, discharge of placenta |
|
|
amni/o
|
amnion - amniotic sac
amniocentesis - surgical puncture of the amniotic sac |
|
|
cervic/o
|
neck, cervix uteri
|
|
|
colp/o
|
vagina
also vagin/o |
|
|
galact/o
|
milk
also lact/o |
|
|
gynec/o
|
woman, female
|
|
|
hyster/o
|
uterus
also metri/o and uter/o |
|
|
mamm/o
mast/o |
breast
|
|
|
men/o
|
menses, menstruation
menorrhagia, busting forth of the menses |
|
|
metr/o
|
uterus, measure
metroptosis - prolapse of uterus |
|
|
nat/o
|
birth
|
|
|
oophor/o
|
ovary
also ovari/o |
|
|
perine/o
|
perineum
|
|
|
salping/o
|
tube, usually fallopian or eustachian
|
|
|
-arche
|
beginning
|
|
|
-cyesis
|
pregnancy
|
|
|
-gravida
|
pregnant woman
multigravida - woman who has been pregnant more than once |
|
|
-para
|
to bear (offspring)
nullipara - woman who has never produced a viable offspring |
|
|
-salpinx
|
tube - usually fallopian or eustachian
hemosalpinx - blood in a fallopian tube, aka hematosalpinx |
|
|
-tocia
|
childbirth, labor
|
|
|
-version
|
turning
retroversion! |
|
|
primi -
|
first
|
|
|
puerperium
|
period after childbirth during which reproductive organs of the mother return to normal nonprego state
|
|
|
metrorrhagia
|
irregular uterine bleeding between periods or afer menopause
usually symptomatic of disease, incl benign or malignant tumors |
|
|
menorrhagia
|
aka hypermenorrhea, profuse or prolonged bleeding
may be caused by endocrine disturbances in early life usually due to inflammatory diseases, fibroids, tumors, or emotional disturbances later on |
|
|
PMS
|
premenstrual syndrome
s/s- headache and fatigue to mood changes, anxiety, depression, uncontrolled crying spells, and water retention occurs several days before onset of menstruation |
|
|
Endometriosis
|
presence of functional endometrial tissue in areas outside the uterus
develops into what are called implants, lesions, or growths and can cause pain, infertility and other problems ectopic endometrium responds to hormonal fluctuations of the menstrual cycle |
|
|
Pelvic inflammatory disease
|
PID
term for inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and adjacent pelvic structures usually bacterial infection pathogens generally enter vagina during coitus, abortion, childbirth, or postpartum period 2 most common causes are gonorrhea and chlamydial infection may result in scarring of tubes and ovaries, causing sterility can also lead to fatal septicemia (bacteria in the blood) |
|
|
Vaginitis
|
infections of the vagina, which is resistant because of its acidity
itching, painful intercourse, and foul-smelling discharge often accompanied by urethral inflammation (urethritis) most common - candidiasis (aka moniliasis, candida albicans yeast) and trichomoniasis (protozoan trichomonas vaginalis) |
|
|
most common malignancy of women in the US
|
breast cancer
associate with ovarian hormonal function diet high in fats, family history, possibly hormone replacement therapy nulliparous women or those who have had an early onset of menstruation (menarche) or late onset of menopause are more likely to develop it monthly breast self-examination and periodic mammograms after 40 |
|
|
risks associated with cervical cancer
|
infection associated with sexual activity, coitus at a young age, large number of partners, viruses, frequent intercourse with men whose previous partners had cervical cancer
Pap test can detect it treatment - surgery, radiation, chemotherapy |
|
|
atresia
|
congenital absence or closure of a normal body opening such as the vagina
|
|
|
choriocarcinoma
|
malignant neoplasm of the uterus or at the site of an ectopic pregnancy
rare tumor that ay occur after pregnancy or abortion |
|
|
dyspareunia
|
occurrence of pain during sexual intercourse
|
|
|
endocervicitis
|
inflammation of the mucous lining of the cervix uteri
usually chronic, due to infection, and accompanied by cervical erosion |
|
|
retroversion
|
turning or state of being turned back, esp. an entire organ, such as the uterus, being tipped from its normal position
|
|
|
uterine fibroids
|
benign tumors composed of muscle and fibrous tissue that develop in the uterus, aka leimyomas, myomas, or fibroids
too large cause symptoms as metorrhagia, pelvic pain, and menorrhagia |
|
|
sterility
|
inability of the female to become pregnant or the male to impregnate the female
|
|
|
abortion
|
termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus is capable of surviving outside the uterus
|
|
|
abruptio placentae
|
premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before the third stage of labor, aka placental abruption
results in uterine hemorrhage and threatens life |
|
|
breech presentation
|
common abnormality of delivery in which the fetal buttocks or feet resent first rather than the head
|
|
|
Down syndrome
|
genetic condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46 and occurs when there is an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy), which causes delays in the way a child develops
|
|
|
eclampsia
|
most serious form of toxemia during pregnancy
s/s - high bp, edema, convulsions, renal dysfunction, proteinuria, and coma (in severe cases) |
|
|
ectopic pregnancy
|
fertilized ovum doesn't reach the uterine cavity but becomes implanted on any tissue other than the lining of the uterus, such as fallopian tube, ovary, abdomen, or even cervix uteri
|
|
|
placenta previa
|
obstetric complication in which the placenta is attached close to or covers the cervical canal that results in bleeding during labor when the cervix dilates
|
|
|
intrauterine device
|
IUD
small t-shaped device inserted by a physician to prevent pregnancy copper - releases copper particles hormonal - progestin |
|
|
cerclage
|
suturing of the cervix to prevent it form dilating prematurely during pregnancy, decreasing chance of spontaneous abortion
|
|
|
cesarean section
|
incision of abdomen and uterus to remove the fetus
used in event of cephalopelvic disproportion, presence of sexually transmitted disease, fetal distress, and breech presentation |
|
|
colpocleisis
|
surgical closure of the vaginal canal
|
|
|
conization
|
excision of a cone-shaped piece of tissue, such as mucosa of the cervix, for histological exam
|
|
|
cordocentesis
|
sampling of fetal blood drawn from the umbilical vein and performed under ultrasound guidance
evaluated in lab to id hemolytic diseases or genetic abnormalities |
|
|
cryosurgery
|
process of freezing tissue to destroy cells, aka cryocautery
for chronic cervical infections, and erosions because offending organisms may be entrenched in cervical cells and glands |
|
|
dilation and curettage
|
D&C
widening of cervical canal with a dilator and scraping of the uterine endometrium with a curette |
|
|
hysterectomy
subtotal total total plus bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy |
excision of the uterus
cancer, severe dysfunctional bleeding, large or bleeding fibroid tumors, prolapse of uterus, or severe endometriosis subtotal - hysterectomy where the cervix, ovaries, and fallopian tubes remain total - cervix is removed but ovaries and tubes remain, aka complete total, including removal of the uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, and ovaries |
|
|
laparoscomy
|
visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually at the umbilicus
|
|
|
lumpectomy
|
excision of a small primar breast tumor and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it
lymph nodes may also be removed |
|
|
mammoplasty
augmentation reduction |
surgical reconstruction of the breast/s to change the size, shape, or position
augmentation - insertion of a breast prosthesis (silicone gel or saline) beneath the skin or beneath the pec major reduction - reduce size of a large, pendelous breast |
|
|
mastectomy
total (simple) modified radical radical |
excision of the entire breast
total - entire breast, nipple, areola, and involved overlying skin mod - entire breast, including lymph nodes in the underarm (most women get this) radical - excision of the entire breast, all underarm lymph nodes, and chest wall muscles under the breast |
|
|
reconstructive breast surgery
tissue (skin) expansion |
creation of breast-shaped mound to replace a breast that has been removed due to cancer or other disease
expansion - common breast reconstruction technique in which a balloon expander is inserted beneath the skin and chest muscle, saline solution is gradually injected to increase size, and the expander is then replaced with a more permanent implant |
|
|
transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap
|
surgical creation of a skin flap using skin and fat from the other lower half of the abdomen, which is passed under the skin to the breast area and then shaping the abdominal tissue, flap, into a natural-looking breast and suturing it into place
|
|
|
tubal ligation
|
procedure that ties (ligates) the fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy
usually performed during laparoscopy |
|
|
amniocentesis
|
transabdominal puncture of the amniotic sac under ultrasound guidance using a needle (position is verified by US on a monitor screen) and syringe to remove amniotic fluid
|
|
|
Colposcopy
|
visual examination of the vagina and cervis with an optical magnifying instrument
|
|
|
insufflation
tubal |
delivery of pressurized air or gas into a cavity, chamber, or organ to allow visual examination, remove an obstruction, or apply medication
tubal - test for patency of the uterine tubes made by transuterine insufflation with carbon dioxide, aka Rubin test |
|
|
pelvimetry
|
measurement of pelvic dimensions to determine whether the head of the fetus will be able to pass through the bony pelvis to allow delivery
|
|
|
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
|
sampling of placental tissues for prenatal diagnosis of potential genetic defects
|
|
|
endometrial biopsy
|
removal of a sample of uterine endometrium for microscopic study
|
|
|
papanicolaou (pap) test
|
cytological study used to detect abnormal cells sloughed from the cervix and vagina, usually obtained during routine pelvic examination
|
|
|
hysterosalpingography (HSG)
|
radiography and usually flouroscopy of the uterus and uterine tubes (oviducts) following injection of a contrast medium
|
|
|
mammography
|
radiographic exam of the breast to screen for breast cancer
|
|
|
ultrasonography (US)
transvaginal |
use of high-frequency sound waves direced at soft tissue and reflected as "echoes" to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure
transvaginal - us of the pelvic area performed with a probe inserted into the vagina, which provides sharper images of pathological and normal structures within the pelvis |
|
|
antifungals
|
treat vaginal yeast infections by altering the yeast cell membrane or interfering with a metabolic process
|
|
|
estrogens
|
treat symptoms of menopause through HRT
|
|
|
oral contraceptives
|
synthetic hormones used to prevent pregnancy and treat menstrual disorders
|
|
|
oxytocics
|
induce labor at term by increasing the strength and frequency of uterine contractions
also used to control bleeding after the expulsion of the placenta |
|
|
prostaglandins
|
terminate pregnancy
|
|
|
spermicides
|
chemically destroy sperm by creating a highly acidic environment in the uterus
|
|
|
DUB
|
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
|
|
|
LH
|
lutenizing hormone
|
|
|
LMP
|
last menstrual period
|
|
|
gamete
|
reproductive cell (ovum or sperm) that contains one-half of the chromosomes required to produce an offspring of the species
|
|
|
libido
|
psychological and physical drive for sexual activity
|
|
|
testosterone
|
androgenic hormone responsible for the development of the male sex organs, including the penis, testicles, scrotum, and prostrate
|
|
|
seminiferous tubules
|
produce sperm, the male gamete
|
|
|
epididymis
|
tightly coiled tube that stores sperm after it leaves the seminiferous tubules
forms the vas deferens, a narrow tube that passes through the inguinal canal into the abdominal cavity |
|
|
What forms the ejaculatory duct?
|
the union of the vas deferens with the duct from the seminal vesicle
|
|
|
prostate gland
|
secretes a thin, alkaline substance that accounts for about 30% of seminal fluid, protect sperm from acidic environments
|
|
|
bulbourethral (Cowper) gland
|
below the prostrate, connected by a small duct to the urethra, provide alkaline fluid necessary for sperm viability
|
|
|
prepuce
|
foreskin
|
|
|
andr/o
|
male
|
|
|
balan/o
|
glans penis
balanoplasty |
|
|
crypt/o
|
hidden
|
|
|
epididym/o
|
epididymis
|
|
|
genit/o
|
genitalia
|
|
|
gonad/o
|
gonads, sex glands
|
|
|
olig/o
|
scanty
olig/o/spermia |
|
|
orch/o
|
testis
also orchi/o, orchid/o, test/o |
|
|
perine/o
|
perinium
|
|
|
prostat/o
|
prostate gland
|
|
|
spermat/o
|
spermatozoa, sperm cells
sperm/o |
|
|
varic/o
|
dilated vein
|
|
|
vas/o
|
vessel, vas deferens, duct
|
|
|
vesicul/o
|
seminal vessicle
|
|
|
-cide
|
killing
|
|
|
-ism
|
condition
|
|
|
-spadias
|
slit, fissure
hypospadias - a fissure under the penis |
|
|
brachy-
|
short
brachytherapy - treatment from a short distance |
|
|
Gonorrhea
|
caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae
symptom - in men = pain upon urination and a white discharge (leukorrhea) women commonly asymptomatic, sometimes vaginal discharge or pelvic pain can infect baby's eyes and cause blindness if untreated, may infect bladder and inflame joints, sterility may result (PID) treat with antibiotics |
|
|
Chlamydia
|
bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis
most prevalent and one of the most damaging STIs in the US "silent disease" - not much symptom men may have discharge, women may have mucopurulent discharge and cervicitis lead to sterility newborn can get conjunctivitis or pneumonia can be treated with antibiotics |
|
|
Syphilis
|
less common than gonorrhea, but more serious
caused by bacterium Treponema pallidum may become a chronic, infectious, multisystemic disease 1st phase - chancre sore develops 2nd - variety of symptoms 3rd - latent, may include blindness, mental disorders, and eventually death antibiotics are effective |
|
|
Genital herpes
|
red, blisterlike, painful lesions
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) - type 2 (oral is type 1) Viral shedding - virus present on the skin no cure, but antivirals can relieve pain and discomfort |
|
|
Genital warts
|
condylomata, condylomas
HPV, may disappear or may need surgical excision or freezing increases risk of cancers, including penile, vaginal, cervical, and anal cancer |
|
|
Trichomoniasis
|
protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis
affects males and females, but women have more symptoms treat both partners to avoid reinfection |
|
|
Benign prostatic hyperlasia
|
BPH
prostate gland enlarges, making complete voiding of urine difficult bladder infection (cystitis) and kidney infection (nephritis) may result |
|
|
Cryptorchidism
|
failure of the testes to descend into the scrotal sac prior to birth
may descend spontaneously by the end of the first year, or correct with surgical suspension of the testes (orchiopexy) in the scrotum inguinal hernia commonly accompanies cryptorchidism, so it may be sutured (herniorrhaphy) at the same time |
|
|
Prostate cancer
|
rare in men under 50, but increases dramatically with age
s/s- difficulty starting urination and stopping stream, dysuria, urinary frequency, and hematuria surgical treatment - radical prostatectomy radiation oncology - brachytherapy and external beam radiation |
|
|
bilateral orchiectomy
|
castration, surgical removal of the testes
|
|
|
Testicular cancer
|
most common form of cancer in males between 15-34
sometimes asymptomatic s/s - swelling, enlargement or lump in the testes, testicular pain or discomfort, or lower back or abdominal pain gynecomastia may also occur responsive when found in early stages Testicular self-examination (TSE) |
|
|
balanitis
|
inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis, caused by bacteria, fungi, or a virus
|
|
|
ED
|
erectile dysfunction
repeated inability to initiate or maintain an erection sufficient for sex |
|
|
hypogonadism
|
decrease or lack of hormones normally produced by the gonads
testosterone |
|
|
hypospadias
|
congenital abnormality where the opening of the male urethra is on the undersurface of the penis, instead of at its tip
|
|
|
phimosis
|
stenosis or narrowing of foreskin so that it can't be retracted over the glans penis
|
|
|
priapism
|
prolonged and often painful erection of the penis, which occurs without sexual stimulation
assoc with sickle cell disease, leukemia, sci, or side effect of drugs |
|
|
prostatitis
|
acute or chronic inflammation of the prostate
|
|
|
testicular abnormalities
-anorchism -epididymitis -hydrocele -orchitis -spermatocele: -testicular mass -testicular torsion -varicocele |
any of the various disorders that affect the testes
-anorchism: absence of one or both testicles (anorchia or anorchidism) -epididymitis: inflamm of epididymis, assoc with STIs -hydrocele: swelling of the sac surrounding the testes that is typically harmless -orchitis: painful swelling of one or both testes, assoc with mumps that develop after puberty -spermatocele: abnormal, fluid-filled sac that develops in the epididymis and may or may not contain sperm, aka spermatic cyst -testicular mass: new tissue growth that appears on one or both testes -testicular torsion: spontaneous twisting of a testicle within the scrotum, leading to a decrease in blood flow to the testicle -varicocele: swelling and distention of veins of the spermatic cord, somewhat resembling varicose veins |
|
|
digital rectal examination
|
DRE
screening test that assesses the rectal wall surface for lesions or evaluates abnormalities of the pelvic area also eval size and consistency of prostate |
|
|
orchiectomy
|
removal of one or both testicles; aka castration or orchidectomy
|
|
|
orchiopexy
|
fixation of the testes in the scrotum
|
|
|
prostatectomy
transurethral resection of prostate |
removal of all or part of the prostate
TURP - excision of the prostate gland by inserting a special endoscope (resectoscope) through the urethra and into the bladder to remove small pieces of tissue |
|
|
urethroplasty
|
reconstruction of the urethra to relieve stricture or narrowing
|
|
|
vasectomy
|
removal of all or a segment of the vas deferens for male sterilization
|
|
|
prostate-specific antigen
|
PSA
blood test used to detect prostatic disorders, esp prostate cancer aka tumor marker test |
|
|
semen analysis
|
test that analyzes a semen sample for volume, sperm count, motility, and morphology to evaluate fertility or verify sterilization after a vasectomy
|
|
|
prostate ultrasound
Scrotal US |
US using an ultrasound probe inserted through the rectum to evaluate the prostate; transrectal us
scrotal - US used to assess the contents of the scrotum, including testicles, epididymis, and vas deferens, aka testicular us |
|
|
androgens
|
increase testosterone levels
to correct hormone deficiency in hypogonadism and treat delayed puberty |
|
|
antiandrogens
|
suppress production of androgen
may stop growth of certain types of cancer cells, treatment of prostate cancer |
|
|
anti-impotence agents
|
treat erectile dysfunction by increasing blood flow to the penis
sildenafil citrate vardenafil |
|
|
antivirals
|
treat viral disorders by inhibiting their development
|
|
|
GC
|
gonorrhea; gonococci
|
