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46 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Which pathway initiates movement... which one inhibits movement??
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What is the cause of parkinson's disease?
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Lewy bodies and alpha- synuclein
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MPTP (meperidine derivative) causes PD-like symptoms.
1989, MPTP-treated monkeys show increased activity in the indirect pathway and decreased activity in the direct pathway. The ultimate result is an increased activity in the internal portion of the pallidum. Goes inside of brain, gets converted to MPTP + messes around with mitochondria. Blocks electron transport chain |
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What pathway is inhibited for patients with parkinson's that causes the hypokinesia?
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Indirect pathway is taking over!!
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Which pathway is messed up for Huntingtons & ballisumus that causes HYPERkinesia? (choreform movement?
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Which areas are messed up for which diesaeses?
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What happens in the OCCIPITAL lobe ? What happens with a lesion in these areas (17, 18)?
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edge detection primary visual processing.
middle is MOTION (dorsal stream) |
Scotoma= blindspot
middle= can't see coffee pouring... can't tell how full it is getting. (dorsal stream) |
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What happens in the TEMPORAL lobe? What happens with lesions in this area?
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supeior temporal gyrus= posterior part of wernikes area
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mid-inferior= ventral (what pathway)
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What happens in the PARIETAL lobe? What happens with a lesion in this area? (Classic exam question)
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posterior= dorsal stream= not just what is is, but how to react to it.... (once you know where something is, know how to react to it (reach for it? look at it?)
inferior= supramarginal gyrus/ angular gyrus |
anteior= areas 1,2,3 (touch in two places... same or different place)
lesion to r inferior parietal... really cool hemispacial neglect (ignore left side of an object) crazy.. CLASSIC EXAM QUESTION) |
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What happens in the FRONTAL lobe? What happens with a lesion in this area?
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BROCA's Aphasia= sounds like telegraphic speech= chair. sit.
failing stroop test |
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What are the pros/ cons of using LESION studies for figuring out cortical functions?
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What are the pros/ cons of using FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING studies (PET, fMRI) for figuring out cortical functions?
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What are the pros/ cons of using EVENT RELATED POTENTIALS (ERPs) for figuring out cortical functions?
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can see activity in real time
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What are the pros/ cons of using MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY (MEG) for figuring out cortical functions?
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SQUIDS= superimposed to guess where magnetic field changes are
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What are the pros/ cons of using TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION (TMS) for figuring out cortical functions?
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similar to lesion approach, very invasive, can help better localize
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What are the pros/ cons of using ANIMAL STUDIES for figuring out cortical functions?
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more possibility with invasive studies
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macaque monekys... can freeze brain regions
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What kind of lesion can cause a patient to have hemispatial neglect???
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Which stream is the what pathway? Which stream is the Where pathway?
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Dorsal: “where” pathway
Ventral: “what” pathway |
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Which diease is associacted with:
cerebral atrophy enlarged ventricles -amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles on a silver stained brain section).... can you REMEMBER?! |
ALZHEIMERS?
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What are some other possible causes/ forms of dementia NOT due to ALZHEIMER's?
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More diagnostic criteria for ALZHEIMERS
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Alzheimers is so much more than just "plaques and tangles". What are the top 3 risk factors for Alzheimers.... why? Which genetic factor could be impoertant?
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APO E gene
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Which protein can be responsible for this crazy amyloid cascade?
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Which type of neurotransmitter/ projections do we try to treat for ALZHEIMERS diesease therapy?
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Acetocholine!!
Nucleus Basilis --> Neocortex Pedunculopontine nucleus--> thalamus |
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These type of drugs (including donepezil(Aricept) and rivastagmine(Exelon) all CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS can help with which part of the amyloid cascade in alzheimers?
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loss of neurotransmitters and excitotoxicity?
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What are behnavioral symptoms of dementia? (i.e Meredeth's Mom on Grays Anatomy)
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Some drugs you can take
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What are some early biomarkers we can use in the CSF to diagnose alzheimers? What are some later ones?
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High Tau in CSF good early sign
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This slide is awesome. stare at it. What are some major take-away points from this disease
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Just a cool little exam you can do in the clinic to asses for alzheimers
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Ta-Dah!!
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What is APHASIA and what is the most common cause of it? aka Why is it important to know the anatomy of the blood vessels of the brain??
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What are some major bedside language tests?
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What is messed up for comprehension?
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How can we test for patients with problems in repitiion of language? What would they have trouble with?
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What is fluency? How can we test for it?
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How can we pick up on patients that have problems with speech content? What is affected?
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Where would you see problems for wernikes aphasia on the Lichtheim model? What part would be messed up? Why?
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Where would you see problems for CONDUCTION aphasia on the Lichtheim model? What part would be messed up? Why?
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What type of symptoms would you see in TRANSCORTICOL SENSORY APHASIA? Why?
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What parts could be messed up for someone with ANOMIC APHASIA?
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Just about everything
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What would you predict someone with BROCA's APHASIA would have?
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What is wrong with someone that has GLOBAL APAHSIA? What would happen?
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What is the difference between someone with fluent vs non-fluent aphasia? What are the 3 non fluent types of apahsia?
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Fluent Aphasia: People with fluent aphasia have problems understanding spoken and written language. This type is also known as sensory, posterior, or Wernicke's aphasia.
Non-fluent Aphasia: People with non-fluent aphasia have difficulty communicating orally and with written words. This type of aphasia is also called motor, anterior, or Broca's aphasia. This category also includes global aphasia, the most severe type. People with global aphasia have difficulty both expressing and understanding oral and written communication. |
Transmotor, Broca's, Global all non-fluent.
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Why are the labeled aphasia syndromes not always perfect!? What makes this chalenegeing for recovery?
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How does the anatomy of a stroke help us predict what type of apahsia to look out for? How can we test for it?
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Which theoretical areas of the brain are associated with which areas?
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Wernicke’s area in the posterior superior
temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere (BA 22) can be considered the Word Sound Lexicon. The semantic conceptual field is widely distributed throughout the brain (and is therefore harder to lesion). Broca’s Area in the inferior (pre) frontal cortex (BA 44, 45) of the left hemisphere can be considered the Phonological Motor Programs. The Arcuate Fasiculus is the bundle of fibers that connects Wernicke’s area to Broca’s Area. Again, this model is oversimplified and there are regions beyond Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas that are invovled. We now know about the dual stream model – the ventral “what” stream and the dorsal “where/how” stream |
can also use this model too, but don't let it freak you out!!
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DEFINITE TEST QUESTION:: If the speech is non-fluent, where is the lesion?
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It must be along the axis from the semantic-conceptual field and the phonological motor system/Broca’s area (you either cannot come up with the appropriate word/phrase or you cannot execute the production of the word/phrase). Fluent speech does not require you to appropriately convert
sounds into words so the word sound lexicon is not involved. |
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