Medical Microbiology Ch. 15

Front 1

What is conferred when cells and physiological process are incompatible with other species?

Back 1

Species resistance

Front 2

What is the first line of defense?

Back 2

structures, chemicals, and processes that work together to prevent pathogens from entering the body in the first place.

Front 3

The second line of defense involves what?

Back 3

internal structures such as protective cells, blood0borne chemicals, and processes that inactivate or kill invaders

Front 4

First line of defense + second line of defense = ?

Back 4

innate immunity

Front 5

True or False

Innate immunity is very specific

Back 5

False- it's not very specific

Front 6

What is the third line of defense?

Back 6

Adaptive immunity

Front 7

What are the two layers of skin?

Back 7

Dermis and epidermis

Front 8

Which cell layer contains dendritic cells?

What is another name for dendritic cells?

Back 8

Epidermal

Langerhans

Front 9

What are the functions of dendritic cells?

Back 9

Phagocytize pathogens nonspecifically and play a role in adaptive immunity.

Front 10

Dermal cells secrete ___.

Back 10

antimicrobial pepties

Front 11

Sweat glands secrete a class of antimicrobial peptides called ___/

Back 11

dermicidins

Front 12

____ is an enzyme that destroys the cell walls of bacteria by cleaving the bonds between the sugar subunits of the walls.

Back 12

Lysozymes

Front 13

Skin and _____ are two examples of the first line of defense.

Back 13

Mucous-secreting membranes

Front 14

True or False

Mucus contains antimicrobial peptides called defensins, but not antibodies.

Back 14

False- they contain both

Front 15

____ is an environment that is free from all other organisms or viruses

Back 15

axenic

Front 16

True or False

Tears contain lysozyme

Back 16

True

Front 17

Antimicrobial peptides are chains of about ___ amino acids that act against microorganisms

Back 17

40

Front 18

What are some ways that antimicrobial peptides work?

Back 18

1. Some can punch holes in their cytoplasmic membrane

2. Some can interrupt cell signaling or enzymatic action

3. Some recruit leukocytes to site.

Front 19

Cells produce antimicrobial peptieds when microbial chemicals bind to ______ on host cells' membrane.

Back 19

Toll-like receptors

Front 20

Lipoteichoic acid binds to____.

Back 20

TLR2

Front 21

Lipid A (endotoxin) binds to

Back 21

TLR4

Front 22

Flagellin binds to

Back 22

TL45

Front 23

The second line of defense is composed of ____, ______, and ____.

Back 23

cells, antimicrobial chemicals, processes

Front 24

Plasma contains

Back 24

electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrients, and proteins

Front 25

When clotting factors have been removed from the plasma the result is ____/

Back 25

serum

Front 26

How is iron transported in the plasma?

Back 26

via transferrin

Front 27

Excess iron is stored in the liver bound to ____

Back 27

ferritin

Front 28

How does staphylococcus aureus respond to a shortage of iron?

How does the body respond to this?

Back 28

By secreting their own iron-binding proteins called siderophores


by producing lactopherrin

Front 29

Cells and cell fragments suspended in the plasma are called ______.

Back 29

Formed elements

Front 30

What are the 3 types of formed elements?

Back 30

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Front 31

Leukocytes are divided into two groups ____ & ____

Back 31

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Front 32

Basophils stain ____ with what dye?

Back 32

blue with methylene blue (a basic dye)

Front 33

Eosinophils stain ___ with what dye?

Back 33

red to orange with an acidic dye (eosin)

Front 34

Neutrophils stain ____ with what dye?

Back 34

lilac with a mixture of acidic and basic dyes

Front 35

Which granulcytes phagocytize pathogens?

Back 35

neutrophils and eosinophils

Front 36

Define diapedesis aka emigration

Back 36

Ability to attack microbes by leaving the blood stream via squeezing between cells lining the capillaries

Front 37

Basophils funciton in ___.

Back 37

inflamattion

Front 38

Eosinophils can also help to defend the body against ___>

Back 38

parasitic worms

Front 39

What are two types of agranulocytes?

Back 39

Monocyte and lymphocytes

Front 40

List some fixed macrophages

Back 40

alveolar macrophages of the lungs, microglia of the CNS, and Kuppfer cells of the liver

Front 41

Dendritic cells are a type of ____

Back 41

phagocyte

Front 42

macrophages + monocytes =

Back 42

mononuclear phagocytic system

Front 43

the _______ can serve as a sign of disease

Back 43

differential white blood count

Front 44

What are some mechanisms of the body's second line of defense?

Back 44

phagocytosis, extracellular killing by leukocytes, nonspecific chemical defenses, inflammation, and fever

Front 45

What are the five steps of phagocytosis?

Back 45

1. chemotaxis
2. adherence
3. ingestion
4. killing
5. elimination

Front 46

Phagocytes use ____ for positive chemotaxis

Back 46

pseudopodia

Front 47

Leukocytes releas chemotactic factors which contain ___ and ___.

Back 47

complement and chemokines

Front 48

What is the term for coating mathogens with antimicrobial proteins?

Back 48

Opsonization

Front 49

A food vesicle formed after ingestion of microbes is called a

Back 49

Phagosome

Front 50

A phagosome comines with lysosomes are called

Back 50

phagolysosomes

Front 51

____ is an indication of helminth infestation

Back 51

eosinophilia

Front 52

Which two cells secrete protein toxins to destroy invadors?

Back 52

eosinophils and NK clells

Front 53

Neutrophils can disable microorganisms in theif vicinty by generatiNG extracellular fibers composed of DNA, histones, a protein

Back 53

NETs (Neutrophil extracellular traps)which bind and kill both gram neg and gram positive cells

Front 54

The complement system initially act as ___ and ____ and then indirectly trigger ____ and _____.

Back 54

opsonins and chemotactic factors

inflammation and fever

Front 55

In the classical pathway of the complement system ____ activates it.

Back 55

antibodies

Front 56

In the alternate pathway, ___ or ____ activate complement

Back 56

pathogens
pathogenic products

Front 57

What are the end products of the entire cascade in the complement system?

Back 57

Membrane Attack Complexes (MACs)

Front 58

____ act against viruses and are released by the host cell.

Back 58

Interferons

Front 59

What are teh 3 classes of interferons?

Back 59

Alpha, betta, and gamma

Front 60

Alfpha interferon is secreted by ___

Back 60

lymphocytes

Front 61

Beta interferon is secreted by ____.

Back 61

fibroblasts (when infected by viruses)

Front 62

True or False

Interferons proteict cells that secrete them

Back 62

False, they activate nk lypmphocytes and protect any neighbooring, uninfected cells

Front 63

What are to AVPs that are secreted?

Back 63

oligoadenylate synthetase and protein kinase

Front 64

Gamma interferon is produces by _____

Back 64

activated T lymphocytes and NK lymphocytes

Front 65

Damaged cells also release various chemcials such as

Back 65

histamine, prostaglandin, leukutrienes

Front 66

_____ and ____ leak from blood vessils during dilation and resulting in _____.

Back 66

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

edema

Front 67

What are the steps of inflammation?

Back 67

1. Dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels

2. Migration of phagocytes

3. Tissue repair

Front 68

Fever os anody temperature above ___ degress celsius.

Back 68

37

Front 69

What chemicals trigger fever?

Back 69

Pyrogens (such as interleukin-1 which is produced by phagocytes