Medical Interventions Unit 2

Front 1

Caused by changes or mutations in the DNA sequences of one gene which results in the production of a non functional protein.

Back 1

Single Gene Disorder

Front 2

Caused by a combination of environmental factors and mutations in multiple genes which results in many of the most common chronic illnessess

Back 2

Multi factorial disorders

Front 3

Caused when there are missing or extra copies of genes, or breaks, deletions or rejoining of chromosomes

Back 3

Chromosomal disorders

Front 4

Caused by mutations in non chromosomial DNA which is passed from mother to child

Back 4

Mitochondrial Disorders

Front 5

What is the purpose of PCR

Back 5

Takes a small part of DNA or RNA and compliments them in order to create thousands of copies of the person's DNA. Clone sequences of DNA. Change copies from a small sample

Front 6

A thermostable enzyme used to extend the DNA

Back 6

Taq Polymerase

Front 7

Designed to correspond to the start and end of the target DNA being amplified

Back 7

Primers

Front 8

Free Deoxyribonucleotides needed for extension

Back 8

dNTPs

Front 9

A solution used to incubate the reaction components

Back 9

Buffer

Front 10

Extraction of cells

Back 10

Isolating DNA

Front 11

Polymerize chain reaction

Back 11

Amplifying DNA

Front 12

Recognition of SNPs and cutting of DNA

Back 12

Restriction Analysis

Front 13

Separation of DNA fragments based on molecular weight

Back 13

Gel Electrophoresis

Front 14

Steps of PCR

Back 14

Denature

Anneal

Extend

Front 15

What is Amniocentesis

Back 15

Inject large needle through the abdomen and into the uterus, where amniotic fluid is removed. The fluid contains cells that provided the DNA needed to perform genetic testing

Front 16

Risks of Amniocentesis

Back 16

miscarriage

leaking amniotic fluid

Infections

Preterm labor

Rh sensitization

Front 17

Time Amniocentesis is performed during pregnancy

Back 17

14 weeks of pregnancy

(15-20 weeks)

Front 18

What is Chorionic Villus Sampling

Back 18

Chorionic villus cells are removed from the placenta. Insert a needle vaginally and directing that needle to the placenta. Small sample of the cells-identical to baby are used for testing.

Front 19

Risks of CVS

Back 19

Infections

Miscarriage

Bleeding/Cramping

Fetal Limb deformities

Rh sensitization

Front 20

Time CVS is performed during pregnancy

Back 20

Can be performed around 10-12 weeks

Front 21

What is Ultrasound

Back 21

Used sounds waves to develop ultrasound images of what's going on inside the body

Front 22

3 things that doctors/ nurses can determine when using ultrasound

Back 22

Fetal Heartbeat

Number of babies present

Study and analyze the placenta and amniotic fluid levels

Front 23

3 positive behaviors during pregnancy in order to ensure proper prenatal care

Back 23

Consume enough folate (folic acid)

Take prenatal vitamins

Healthy eating habits (getting enough daily values for all substances)

Front 24

3 negative behaviors during pregnancy in order to not ensure proper prenatal care

Back 24

Smoking

Drinking

Drugs (ecstasy)

Front 25

What techniques can cure genetic diseases through the replacement of faulty genes

Back 25

Gene Therapy

Front 26

What is gene therapy

Back 26

Insert new gene to replace a faulty disease-causing gene

Front 27

In order to deliver genes successful in gene therapy, what are things to consider?

Back 27

1. Targeting the right cells

2. Activating the gene

3. Integrating the gene into the cells

Front 28

Why is it important to target the right cells?

Back 28

Have to find the right cell and then deliver genetic material to it

Front 29

Why is it important to activate the gene?

Back 29

You want to turn on the right gene, not a random one, otherwise you risk a possible mutation that could occur

Front 30

Why is it important to integrate the gene into the cells?

Back 30

If the DNA doesn't become part of the rest of the DNA, the gene therapy will never work in the first place

Front 31

What are two types of vectors?

Back 31

Viruses

Plasmids

Front 32

What are ways that parents can choose the gender of their children?

Back 32

1. Sperm sorting with artificial insemination

2. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis with In Vitro Fertilization

Front 33

What is sperm sorting with artificial insemination?

Back 33

X or Y chromosome is separated from sperm, then desired sperm is combined with the female eggs through artificial insemination, when semen is injected into the vagina

Front 34

What is Preimplanation genetic diagnosis with in vitro fertilization?

Back 34

Helps potential parents to prevent the birth of a child with a serious genetic condition. Eggs are obtained and fertilized through In Vitro Fertilization. Look of abnormalities in DNA or Chromosomes as embryos develops for 2 to 3 days. If needed, it is then fixed, then the women is inseminated. Combine egg with sperm in dish, then transfer embryo to the uterus.

Front 35

Steps in reproductive cloning

Back 35

1. Begin with 1 egg cell and a somatic donor for which to be the cloned organism.

2. Donor cells nucleus is inserted into the egg cell, transforming over the cells genetic info. Egg cells beings to act like a fertilized egg

3. Egg develops into an embryo, then cell divides.

4. Once embryo divides in 16 cells, it's transformed to a surrogate mother of the same or related species

5. Embryo develops into an organism genetically identical to the donor of the somatic cell.

Front 36

What is the difference between reproductive and therapeutic cloning?

Back 36

Therapeutic cloning follows the same process as reproductive cloning, except instead of letting the embryo to develop fully into the organism desired, it instead gets stem cells extracted from it, therefore these stem cells can transform into any cell desired, such as heart, brain, spine, lung, etc.