Medical Conditions

Front 1

Astereognosis

Back 1

Inability to recognize objects by touch *also called tactile agnosia

Front 2

Ataxia

Back 2

Inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement.

Front 3

Athetoid (dyskinetic)

Back 3

Resembling athetosis or repetitive involuntary, slow, sinous, writhing movements. Classification of cerebral palsy in which involuntary purposeless movement occurs when an individual attempts purposeful motion. The abnormal movements may not only occur in the limb being moved but also involve an "overflow" of activity to all other limbs with an exaggeration of reflexes

Front 4

Clonus

Back 4

Alternate involuntary muscular contraction adn relaxation in rapid succession

Front 5

Contracture

Back 5

Abnormal shortening of muscle tissue that renders the muscle highly resistant to stretching which can lead to permanent disability

Front 6

Deformity

Back 6

Distortion of any part or general disfigurement of the body

Front 7

Diplegia

Back 7

Paralysis of like parts on either side of the body. In cerebral palsy, diplegia describes involvment of the lower extremities predominately, with only mildy affected upper extremities

Front 8

Dysarthria

Back 8

imperfect articulation of speech caused by disturbances of muscluar control resulting from central or peripheral nervous system damage

Front 9

Graphesthesia

Back 9

The ability by which outlines, numbers, words, or symbols, traced or written on the skin are recognized

Front 10

Hemiplegia

Back 10

Paralysis of one side of the body, usually caused by a brain lesion, such as a tumor, or a CVA. Paralysis occurs on the side opposite the lesion, or infarct, because of decussation of most of the fibers in the motor tracts of the brain.

Front 11

Homonymous hemianopsia

Back 11

loss of one half of the visual field, on the same side in both eyes

Front 12

hypertonicity (spasticity)

Back 12

abnormal muscle tone felt as too much resistance to movement as a result of hyperactive reflexes and loss of inhibiting influences from higher brain centers

Front 13

hyperflexia

Back 13

overflexion of limb

Front 14

hypoxemia

Back 14

insufficient oxygenation of the blood

Front 15

kernicterus

Back 15

A form of hemolytic jaundice of the newborn.

Front 16

kinesthesia

Back 16

The ability and sense by which position, weight, and movement are perceived

Front 17

Quadriplegia

Back 17

Paralysis of all four limbs

Front 18

scoliosis

Back 18

lateral curvature of the vertebral column

Front 19

nystagmus

Back 19

Involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement (horizontal, vertical, rotatory, or mixed, i.e., two types) of the eyeball

Front 20

primitive reflexes

Back 20

Innate primary reactions found in newborns and indicative of severe brain damage if present beyond their usual time of disappearance. Adult patients with closed head injury or stroke may manifest these signs; absence on reevaluation is a sign of progress in recovery. Examples include placing reactions, moro reflex, grasp reflex, rooting reflex, and sucking reflex.

Front 21

Strabismus

Back 21

Deviation of the eye in which the visual axes assume a position relative to each other different from that required by the psychological conditioning also called squint.

Front 22

Topagnosis

Back 22

Loss of ability to localize site of tactile sensations

Front 23

Stretch Reflex

Back 23

Reflex contraction of a muscle in response to passive longitudinal stretching.

Front 24

Ambiguous hand preference

Back 24

Absence of a dominant hand preference; the switching of hand within the same activity.

Front 25

Amygdala

Back 25

A structure that is part of the limbic system and is involved in the emotions of aggression and fear.

Front 26

Auditory Processing

Back 26

The process of the brain recognizing and interpreting sounds in the environment. This process is responsible for the comprehension of language.

Front 27

Autistic Disorder

Back 27

A neurobiologic disorder with an unknown etiology, characterized by significant delay or deviation in social interaction, communication, and repetitive or stereotyped behaviors

Front 28

Aspergergers disorder

Back 28

A neurobiologic disorder of unknown etiology in which cognitive and communicative skills develop normally or nearly normal during

Front 29

Casein

Back 29

A protein found in cows milk. A theory in the field of autism suggests that children with autism do not digest this protein appropriatly, leading to a buildup of morphine-like substances in the body and causing social withdraw and abnormal behaviors

Front 30

Cerebellum

Back 30

A region of the brain that is found at the rear of the head and is above the brainstem. It has been traditionally known for its role in the coordination of movement, but recent research suggests the cerebellum may also have a role in cognitive, sensory, language, and abstract-thinking skills

Front 31

Childhood Disintegrative Disorder

Back 31

A rare neurobiologic disorder that develops in children who had appeared completely normal during their first few years of life. Following its onset, language, social interaction, and self care skills are lost and autistic like symptoms appear

Front 32

Echolalia

Back 32

The automatic and meaningless repetition of anothers words or phrases. In autism this may be immediate or delayed

Front 33

Frontal Lobes

Back 33

Region of the brain located at the front of the cerebrum. This region is responsible for social behavior, spontaneous production of language, initiation of motor activity, processing sensory stimuli and then planning reaction as a result of the input, abstract thinking, problem solving, and judgement.

Front 34

Gastrointestinal Disorder

Back 34

disorder of the GI tract

Front 35

Gene

Back 35

a region of DNA that carries the instructions for cells

Front 36

Gluten

Back 36

A protein found in wheat products. A theory in the field of autism suggests that children with autism do not digest this protein appropriatly, leading to a buildup of morphine like substances in the body and causing social withdrawal and abnormal behaviors

Front 37

Hippocampus

Back 37

A structure that is part of the limboc system and is involved in long term memory functions

Front 38

Hyperlexia

Back 38

The ability to read words above age-level expectation. Usually children with this ability have difficulty understanding the meaning of the words they read

Front 39

Inferior Olive

Back 39

region of the brainstem that transmits error signals to the cerebellum

Front 40

Joint Attention

Back 40

the ability to use eye contact and gestures in order to share experiences with others

Front 41

Limbic system

Back 41

This group of subcortical structures is involved in various emotions and memory functions

Front 42

neurobiological

Back 42

Of or relating to the biologic study of the nervous system. The cause of autism is considered to be an abnormality in the structure or function of the brain

Front 43

neuron

Back 43

A nerve cell that is specialized in transmitting and receiving electrical signals to communicate information between different regions of the body

Front 44

purkinje cells

Back 44

cells that form a layer near the surface of the cerebellum and convey signals away from the cerebellum

Front 45

retts disorder

Back 45

A rare neurobiologic disorder that primarily affects females and is caused by a deviation on the methyl-CpG- binding protein 2 gene. This disorder has a distincitive course since early development in children is typical, followed by the deceleration of head growth, loss of purposeful hand movements, and appearnace of autistic like symptoms

Front 46

rote memory

Back 46

The process of memorizing and using language overheard from others rather than producing spontaneously generated language

Front 47

tactile defensiveness

Back 47

A type of sensory defensiveness in which a person overreacts or avoids touching certain textures

Front 48

theory of mind

Back 48

The ability to understand another persons thoughts feelings or intentions

Front 49

Mild MR

Back 49

IQ 50-70

Front 50

Moderate MR

Back 50

IQ 35-50

Front 51

Severe MR

Back 51

IQ 20-35

Front 52

Profound MR

Back 52

IQ Below 20

Front 53

5 Diagnostic Criterias for Autism Spectrum Disorder

Back 53

Autistic Disorder
Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD-NOS)
Aspergers
Retts
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder

Front 54

Hydrocephaly

Back 54

The abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain

Front 55

cortical tubers

Back 55

form on surface of brain

Front 56

subependymal nodules

Back 56

form in walls of the ventricles

Front 57

giant-cell astrocytomas

Back 57

tumor blocking flow brain fluids

Front 58

Classification of Mental Retardation 3 Compnents

Back 58

Significantly subaverage intellectual functioning
An impairment resulting from an injury, disease, or abnormality that existed before age 18
An impairment in adaptive abilities

Front 59

Associated Impairments of Mental Retardation (4)

Back 59

Cerebral palsy
Seizure disorders
Sensory impairments (vision, hearing, tactile etc.)
Psychological / behavioral

Front 60

Angelman Syndrome

Back 60

Chromosomal
Severe MR
Speech impairment
Ataxia, poor balance
Behavior – laughter, smiling, apparent happy, excitable
Poor attention
Hand flapping, hypermotoric
May have
Small head, Seizures, Abnormal EEG, strabismus, tongue thrust/swallowing disorder, uplifted flexed arms when walking, prominent mandible, inc. sensitivity to heat, wide mouth, wide-spaced teeth, sleep disturbance, drooling, chewing/mouthing behaviors, flat back of hea

Front 61

Cru-Du-Chat Syndrome

Back 61

chromosomal abnormality
learning difficulties (most severe, some only mildly affected
1:50 000 people world-wide
cat cry = characteristic cry of newborns similar to mewing of a kitten

Front 62

Cornelia de Lange Syndrome

Back 62

low birthweight (often under five pounds),
slow growth and small stature, and small head size (microcephaly). small hands and feet
thin eyebrows which frequently meet at midline (synophrys), long eyelashes, short upturned nose and thin, downturned lips.
Less common characteristics:
excessive body hair (hirsutism),
partial joining of the second and third toes, incurved fifth fingers,
gastroesophageal reflux, seizures, heart defects, cleft palate, bowel abnormalities, feeding difficulties, and developmental delay
missing limbs or portions of limbs, usually fingers, hands or forearms

Front 63

Praeder-Willi Syndrome

Back 63

disorder of chromosome 15
Prevalence: 1:12,000- 15,000 (both sexes, all races)
Major characteristics: hypotonia, hypogonadism,
hyperphagia, cognitive impairment, difficult behaviors,
small hands and feet, morbid obesity

Front 64

Sotos Syndrome

Back 64

taller, heavier and have larger heads
sometimes called cerebral gigantism - distinctive head shape and size
delayed motor, cognitive and social development
low muscle tone
speech impairment
as child matures, many of these gaps narrow: the rate of growth slows down, muscle tone improves and with it speech and other motor skills improve.

Front 65

Willliams Syndrome

Back 65

Characteristic facial appearance
Dev Delay, LD, ADD
overly friendly (excessively social)
musculoskeletal problems
heart, blood vessel, kidney problems
hypercalcemia , hyperacusis
low birth-weight / low weight gain
feeding problems
irritability (colic during infancy)
dental abnormalities , hernias

Front 66

Trisomy 13

Back 66

severe MR
seizures
microcphaly
microphthalmia
micrognathia
scalp defects (absent skin)
cleft lip and/or palate
hypotelorism, iris defects
low set ears
simian crease on palms
polydactyly
hernias
undescended testicle
hypotonia
limb skeletal abnormalities

Front 67

Trisomy 18

Back 67

USUALLY DIE IN UTERO OR SHORTLY AFTER BIRTH
Heart defects:
Kidney problems
Intestinal problems
Excess amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios)
Clenched hands
Pocket of fluid on the brain (choroid plexus cysts)
Rocker bottom feet
Delayed growth
Small jaw (mycrognathia)
Small head (microcephaly)
Low-set ears
Strawberry-shaped head
Severe developmental delays
Umbilical or inguinal hernia

Front 68

Noonans Syndrome

Back 68

Developmental delay variable
Short stature
Congenital heart defect
Broad or webbed neck
Unusual chest shape
Apparently low-set nipples
Cryptorchidism
Ears
low-set
posteriorly rotated
fleshy helices
Eyes
wide-spaced
epicanthal folds
thick or droopy eyelids
Facial appearance striking
in new born period &
middle childhood, and
more subtle in the adul

Front 69

Turners Syndromw

Back 69

Only Females – one missing sex chromosome
Symptoms:
Neck webbing, congenital edema, cardiac problems infertile, visual perceptual problems, short stature

Front 70

Klinefelters Syndrome

Back 70

Males only - One or more extra x
chromosomes (XXY, XXXY, etc.)
Symptoms:
Learning disabilities
Emotional and behavioral problems
Tall, slim, hypogonadism, and infertile
There is also an XYY syndrome
Symptoms, may have:
Mild MR, tremors, decreased coordination, radioulnar stenosis, behavior issues

Front 71

What chromosome is 95% of the time affected in Down Syndrome

Back 71

Trisomy 21

Front 72

Tourettes Syndrome

Back 72

More common in boys than girls
Genetic (not completely understood)
Neurologic and behavioral symptoms -may have:
Involuntary vocal and motor tics (most characteristic symptom)
Obsessive -compulsive behavior
hyperactivity, distractibility, impulsivity

Front 73

Tuberous Sclerosis

Back 73

rare genetic neurological disease
benign tumors in brain and other vital organs
kidneys, heart, eyes, lungs, and skin
other common symptoms include:
seizures, mental retardation, behavior problems, and skin abnormalities
may be present at birth, however can be subtle and full symptoms may take some time to develop
three types of brain tumors associated :
cortical tubers, form on surface of brain;
subependymal nodules, form in walls of the ventricles; and
giant-cell astrocytomas

Front 74

Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen’s disease

Back 74

Boys > girls
Causes multiple tumors (usually neurofibromas) on central and peripheral nerves, café au lait spots, and lesions in blood vessels and organs
Symptoms:
Mild MR or learning disabilities
Speech disorders
Hypertension, vision and hearing issues
Musculoskeletal anomolies, short stature

Front 75

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Back 75

METABOLIC SYNDROME
Inability to metabolize
phenylalanine
Tested for at birth
If untreated results in severe cognitive and behavioral disabilities
Most common in Caucasian children

Front 76

Tay-Sachs disease

Back 76

METABOLIC SYNDROME
Absence of enzyme, hexosaminidase A
Common to Jewish people from Mediterranean region
Results in death in childhood (can be tested for – both parents need to carry gene)

Front 77

Galactosemia

Back 77

METABOLIC SYNDROMEI
nability to convert galactose into glucose
Without treatment may result in reduced cognitive, perceptual problems, tremors, choreoathetosis, and ataxia

Front 78

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome

Back 78

METABOLIC SYNDROME
Boys only – inability to metabolize purines
Progressive neuromuscular condition resulting in MR, spasticity, and self mutilation

Front 79

What are the four metabolic diseases?

Back 79

PKU
TAY SACHS DISEASE
GALACTOSEMIA
LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME

Front 80

Bayley Scale of infant development

Back 80

psychological test for IQ
Verbal, motor and behavior development
1 – 42 months

Front 81

Stanford Binet Intelligent Scale

Back 81

psychological test for IQ
Verbal reasoning, visual reasoning, quantitative and short term memory.
11/2 years – adult

Front 82

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised (WPPSI – R)

Back 82

Information, similarities, arithmetic, vocabulary, comprehension, sentences, object assembly, picture completion, geometric design block design, animal pegs, mazes. Motor and processing.
3-7 years

Front 83

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Third Ed (WISC –III

Back 83

Information, similarities, arithmetic, vocabulary, comprehension, digit span, picture completion, picture arrangement, block design, object assembly, symbol search, coding, mazes. Problem solving.
6 – 17 years

Front 84

Leiter International Performance Scale – Revised (Leiter-R)

Back 84

Measures intelligence and cognitive abilities nonverbally
Removes language bias
Shown not to have social or cultural bia

Front 85

Anencephaly

Back 85

lack of developmentof brain in utero- baby does nor survive

Front 86

Encephalocele

Back 86

incomplete closure of the cranium resulting in the protrusion of the nervous tissue and meninges

Front 87

Dandy Walker Malformation

Back 87

Location of hydrocephalus
Progressive cystic enlargement of the 4th ventricle

Front 88

Chiari II malformation

Back 88

Location of hydrocephalus
protrusion of cerebellar material into the foramen magnum

Front 89

Syrinomyelia

Back 89

Location of hydrocephalus
Fluid filled cavity in the spinal cord

Front 90

Symptoms of increased cranial pressure in infant and child

Back 90

infant: bulginf funtanelle and irritability

Child: headaches, vomitting, irritability, lethargy, strabismus, decreased vision

Front 91

Treatment of Hydrocephalus

Back 91

implantation of a shunt

Front 92

OT treatment for hydrocephalus

Back 92

OT treats residual symptoms not the actual hydrocephalus and monitoring of the shunt for infections, clogging, kinking or displacement

Front 93

Spina Bifida

Back 93

Congenital defect of vertebral arches & spinal column
Most common in lower thoracic, lumbar, or sacral area

Front 94

Symptoms fo spina bifida occulta

Back 94

Dimpling or pigmentation of skin or tufts of hair over lesion

Lipomas (soft moveable subcutaneous nodules) or tethering of the cord

Mild motor impairment or bowel and bladder problems

Front 95

Spina Bifida Cystica

Back 95

abnormality of the vertebra with protruding sac

Front 96

Meningocele

Back 96

meninges and CSF in sac occurs in spina bifida cystica

Front 97

Myelomeningocele

Back 97

nerve roots, meninges, and CSF in sac occurs in spina bifida cystica

Front 98

OT treatment for spina bifida

Back 98

Treatment of motor and sensory disturbances
Equipment and adaptations
Skill training

Front 99

A seizure is.... and its symptoms are....

Back 99

abnormal, unregulated electrical discharge that occurs within the brain‘s cortical gray matter and transiently interrupts normal brain function

Altered awareness / consciousness
Abnormal sensations,
Involuntary movements / convulsions

Front 100

A generalized seizure....

Back 100

– involve both hemispheres and consciousness is usually lost

Front 101

Infantile spasms

Back 101

Last between 6 and 24 months. Result in developmental delay

Front 102

Absence seizure

Back 102

Momentary loss of awareness (may appear as blink, glazed look, abrupt cessation of an activity)
No aura or recovery period

Front 103

Tonic-clonic seizure

Back 103

Aura or sensation followed by rigidity (tonic) then rhythmic contractions (clonic)
May last up to 5 minutes followed by sleep for few hours
Usually incontinent

Front 104

Atonic/akinetic seizure

Back 104

Loss of muscle tone

Front 105

Myoclonic seizure

Back 105

Contractions small groups
of muscles

Front 106

OT treatment for seizures

Back 106

address resultant symptoms

education adn environmental modifications

Front 107

Medical treatment of seizures

Back 107

medications

Ketogenic diet

Surgery

Front 108

Tachypnea

Back 108

Rapid breathing, often because of pulmonary congestion

Front 109

cardiomegaly

Back 109

enlarged heart

Front 110

cyanosis

Back 110

bluish discoloration of the skin, generally throughout the body, which indicates lack of oxygen

Front 111

congenital heart disease

Back 111

heart disease from birth

Front 112

acquired heart disease

Back 112

heart disease that develops later on in life

Front 113

Respiratory Distress syndrome

Back 113

Premature birth
Difficulty with O2 absorption
Due to surfactant deficiency in babies born before 34 weeks

Front 114

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Back 114

premature birth
Thickened airways and mucus production
Usually due to mechanical ventilation needed at birth

Front 115

hemophilia

Back 115

Prolonged clotting & excessive bleeding

Front 116

Osteogenises Imperfecta

Back 116

Hereditary collagen disorder resulting in brittle bones and loose joints (variation in severity)

Front 117

OT treatment for OI

Back 117

Protective equipment, splints
Education and lifestyle adjustment

Front 118

Marfans Syndrome

Back 118

Excessive growth at the epiphyseal plates resulting in:
long thin arms, legs, fingers etc.
Misalignment of joints and malformation of sternum
Malformations of the aorta
Ocular problems
(myopia and detached retina

Front 119

OT treatment for Marfans Syndrome

Back 119

OT treatment would be for
symptoms of poor
coordination, postural
stability, & scoliosis,
as well as possible cardiac
endurance issue

Front 120

Achrondroplasia

Back 120

genetic form of dwarfism

Front 121

OT treatment for Achondroplasia

Back 121

OT treatment may be for pain associated with bone deformities or adaptations for independence in a taller world

Front 122

Arthrogryposis mutiples congenita

Back 122

Arthrogryposis means ‘curved or hooked joints’ & describes multiple joint contractures at birth
Abnormal development in womb caused by:
Lack of movement
Abnormal, nerve, muscle or connective tissue development
Numerous fetuses
A genetic disorder like spinal muscular atrophy or trisomy 18

Front 123

Most common form of arthrogryposis

Back 123

Amyoplasia

Front 124

Is cognition affected in arthrogryposis or amyoplasia

Back 124

No cognition is not affected

Front 125

OT treatment for Arthrogryposis

Back 125

Maintenance & increasing functional ROM & strength
Serial casts, surgery, splints, ROM exercises
Adapted equipment & training for occupational performance in ADL’s, work, school, play and leisure

Front 126

how do you dplint for congenital hip dislocation

Back 126

splinting in abducted and flexed position

Front 127

Congenital gip dislocation affects boys or girls more

Back 127

Girls

Front 128

A spica cast would be used for.....

Back 128

congenital hip dislocation

Front 129

Muscular Dystrophy

Back 129

Progressive degeneration of the surface and internal membranes of the muscle cells
Cause – genetic
Symptoms – progressive muscle weakness

Front 130

Most common muscular dystrophy and deadliest

Back 130

Duchennes

Front 131

Pseudohypertrophy

Back 131

large weak muscles due to fat deposits

Front 132

Beckers dystrophy

Back 132

mild form of duchennes muscular dystrophy

Front 133

OT treatment for Duchennes

Back 133

maintenance of function
compensatory and adaptations to maximize participation

Front 134

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

Back 134

Autosomal dominant
Usual onset between 7 and 20 years of age with slow progression (normal life expectancy)
Is an infantile onset variety with rapid progression
Symptoms – weakness of facial muscles and shoulder girdle
Difficulty whistling, closing eyes and raising arms

Front 135

OT treatment for Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy

Back 135

maintenance of strength and function and compensation for weakness

Front 136

Emery-Dreifuss dystrophy

Back 136

Only males (females carrier)
Onset anytime before 20
Muscle weakness in biceps, triceps and distal leg muscles

Front 137

Myotonic dystrophy

Back 137

Males and females
Onset adolescence or young adulthood
Myotonia (delayed relaxation after muscle contraction), weakness facial and distal limb muscles

Front 138

Congenital muscular dystrophy

Back 138

Any MD present at birth or first year
Usually present as ‘floppy’ baby

Front 139

Developmental Coordination Disorder

Back 139

Also referred to in literature
Clumsy child syndrome
Congenital maladroitness
Specifically gross and fine motor problems
No other primary diagnoses such as sensory or intellectual impairment
May lead to secondary problems
Academic
Social
Participation
Often linked with speech and language disorders

Front 140

Sensory Integrative Disorder

Back 140

Also known as Sensory Integrative Dysfunction or Sensory Integrative Problems
Hetrogeneous group of problems presumed to be due to subtle neural differences in using multisensory systems to produce an adaptive motor output
Problems seen could involve skills in:
Motor
Sensory processing / modulation
Behavior / Social
Learning

Front 141

Spasticity develops due to damage to the ?

Back 141

Motor cortex

Front 142

Spasticity

Back 142

Increased muscle tone
When attempt to move tend to use attractor patterns (primitive reflexes)
Continued use of these patterns results in contractures in the agonists and weakness in the antagonists
Maintain fixed stable postures but lack mobility

Front 143

Ataxic

Back 143

Damage in cerebellum
Tremorous movements
Have mobility but not stability
Not usually at risk for contractures

Front 144

hypotonia

Back 144

decreased muscle tone (floppy baby)

Front 145

Selective Dorsal Rhisotomy

Back 145

procedure for CP, surgical snipping of SOME of the sensory nerve roots

Front 146

OT treatment for CP

Back 146

Remedial and compensatory strategies for promoting maximum participation in areas of occupation including:
Development of sensorimotor skills
Feeding
Assistive technology
ADLs, IADLs
Family education and support

Front 147

PT treatment for CP

Back 147

Remediation of sensorimotor skills
Mobility devices

Front 148

Most common type of learning disorder

Back 148

Reading

Front 149

Most common neurobehavioral condition of childhood

Back 149

ADD/ADHD

Front 150

Symptoms of ADD

Back 150

Present before age 7
Present in 2 or more settings
Causes impairment in functioning
Not better accounted for by another mental disorder

Front 151

Subtypes of ADD/ADHD

Back 151

Predominantly inattentive type
Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type
Combined type

Front 152

Retts disorder affects males or females

Back 152

females only

Front 153

The hallmark sign of childhood disintegrative disorder

Back 153

Apparantly normal development for at least the first 2 yrs after birth then a significant loss of previously acquired skills before age 10

Front 154

ABA (applied behavioral analysis) therapy

Back 154

Intensive behavioral approach
One on one with trained worker
Up to 40 hours per week
Targets specific behavior – reward desired behavior
Positives – literature shows success in training specific behaviors
Criticisms – does not address socioemotional or sensory issues or generalize well

Front 155

Developmental Individual-Difference, Relationship-Based Model (Floor Time)

Back 155

Goals of treatment are to develop social communication and emotional thinking
Developmental approach using interactive experiences, which are child directed in a low stimulus environment.
Stages of Relating and communicating
Engagement (Birth to 8 months)
Two-way communication (6 to 18 months)
Shared Meanings (18-36 months)
Emotional Thinking (3 to 5 years)

Front 156

SCERTS ModelSocial Communication, Emotional Regulation and Transactional Support

Back 156

Treatment goals
Social communication
Enhance capacities for joint attention
Enhance capacities for symbol use
Emotional regulation
Enhance capacities for self-regulation
Enhance capacities for mutual regulation
Enhance capacity to recover from dysregulation
Transactional support
Educational and learning supports
Interpersonal supports
Family support
Support among professionals

Front 157

TEACCH

Back 157

A structured teaching approach used in North Carolina school systems
Structured teaching strategies individualized according to the strengths, skills, interests and needs of each child
Elements
Physical structure
Daily schedule
Work systems
Routines
Visual structure

Front 158

Miller Method Language and Cognitive Development Center (Boston, Mass.)

Back 158

Theorize children with ASD have system-forming disorders.
Development of body-world awareness combining motor cognitive and communicative strategies
Treatment goals are to expand the child’s systems by keeping the child on task and transforming stereotypic behaviors into functional interactions
Associated equipment = platforms, Swiss cheese boards and large swinging balls
Use symbol accentuation reading program and American sign language to teach communication

Front 159

Son-Rise ProgramOptions Institute

Back 159

Option process = loving as non-judgmental method for resolving unhappiness and discarding self-limiting beliefs
Institute offers training for families to provide home based program
No scientific studies

Front 160

Sensory Integration

Back 160

Intervention to improve nervous system function.
Provide the child with enhanced levels of sensory information during physical activities that are meaningful to the child and that elicit adaptive behaviors
Key terms
Artful vigilance
Child-centered approach
Adaptive response
Just right challenge

Front 161

Holding therapy

Back 161

Child is held by parent in attempts to make contact with child.
During holding attempts are made to make eye contact and verbal connections
Child’s is held whether their response to the contact is positive or negative
Has been criticized as traumatic

Front 162

Facilitated Communication

Back 162

Hypothesis that individuals with ASD have a motor deficit that prevents them from expressing themselves but possess sophisticated symbolic language
Trained facilitators hold individual’s hand, wrist or arm to help them spell on message board or keyboard
Peer-reviewed, empirically-based research studies have not supported this approach

Front 163

Berard approach

Back 163

Auditory integration

retrain the auditory system by correcting hearing distortions
Music modified and filtered
Listening 30 minutes, twice/day for 10–12 days

Front 164

Tomatis Approach

Back 164

Auditory integration

improve listening and communication skills directly
Classical music and nature sounds
Over 6-12 months, 100 hours in 8 hour ‘loops

Front 165

Fast Forward

Back 165

Auditory integration

discrimination of phoneme differences at increasing speeds

Front 166

Vision therapy

Back 166

Optometrists who practice vision therapy may use lenses, prisms, filters or occlusion to help with attention problems in focusing

Front 167

Educational KinesiologyBrain Gym

Back 167

Designed by Dr. Dennison (educator) to improve sensory function by enhancing neuropathways
Used in school setting by entire classes
Drink lots of water
Prescriptive exercise routines with names like:
Brain buttons
Cross crawls
Hook ups

Front 168

HigashiDaily Life Therapy

Back 168

Developed by Dr. Kitahara for school program for individuals with ASD in Japan
Focuses on physical exercise, arts and vocational training
No known research studies

Front 169

Interactive GuidingAffolter Approach

Back 169

Use of tactile and kinesthetic input (hand over hand guiding) to facilitate initiation of activities

Nonverbal

Initiated and removed by therapist as needed

Front 170

Priming

Back 170

Breaking down and practicing a task in advance of using it in a situation
Provides familiarity with tools and routines in advance to allow more attention to the salient features of the in class task

Front 171

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)

Back 171

Augmentative communication system
Child hands an adult a picture of an object or activity they want.
The physical handing of the picture is designed to develop communicative initiation
No verbal prompts are given. However as the child hands the picture language is attached “oh you want a _______”

Front 172

Token Systems

Back 172

Visual, tangible and predictable system of positive reinforcement
Can be modified for more immediate or delayed gratification