Medical Anthropology Midterm

Front 1

Acculturated:

Back 1

process occuring when different cultures interact-selectively taking on aspects of one's own

Front 2

Agency:

Back 2

freedom to chose, to make your own choices

Front 3

Alienation:

Back 3

complete acculturation, loss of original culture or ability to switch comfortably

Front 4

Analytical levels of culture:

Back 4

infrastructure, structure, superstructure

Front 5

Anthropology:

Back 5

The study of human nature, human society, and the human past

Front 6

Asking and Listening (themes):

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Communication and technology accelerate confrontation with others
Gravest problem of 21 C is fear of difference
All ways of looking at difference are legit
Unexamined bias and prejudice keep us from understanding and interacting
Ethnography challenges provincialism
Through binocular vision we can reflexivity become aware of our own imprisoning socialization and idioculture
To come to the end of your lfe and say nothing human is alien
Contemporary uses of ethnography (self improvement, preservation for posterity, political advocate, culture broker, solve conflicts, job opportunities, prevent ill effects of technology, rehumanize medicine, culture experts and informants)

Front 7

Assimilation:

Back 7

process of ethnic group losing distinction and being absorbed into a majority culture. Sometimes creates a hybrid. Something that happens to people and something that people do.

Front 8

Bi- and Multi-Cultural:

Back 8

functioning in 2 or more cultures

Front 9

Bias:

Back 9

preconceived notion

Front 10

Acute Sickness

Back 10

???

Front 11

Biocultural or Biosocial Approaches:

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???

Front 12

Biological Determinism/ Scientific Racism:

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biological differences between different human populations explained their different ways of life, a group's way of life was determined by its distinct, innate biological makeup

Front 13

Chronic Sickness:

Back 13

???

Front 14

Colonialism:

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a set of beliefs used to legitimize or promote colonization. Often based on systems of superiority.

Front 15

Common themes across subfields:

Back 15

comparative, holistic, evolutionary perspective (change over time), intensive field research

Front 16

Components of Health Systems:

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???

Front 17

Conflicting Values:

Back 17

creates contradiction, tension in cultures

Front 18

Conjugal Pairs:

Back 18

???

Front 19

Core Elements of Medical Belief Systems:

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???

Front 20

Cultural Construction:

Back 20

???

Front 21

Cultural Hybridization:

Back 21

two cultures adopting pieces of each others culture and creating a new culture that is a blend

Front 22

Cultural Imperialism:

Back 22

colonizing nation generally dominate the resources, labor, and markets of the colonial territory, and many also impose socio-cultural domination

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Cultural Relativism:

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???

Front 24

Culture as Power and Representations:

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culture as a way of life structured by power and representations (?)

Front 25

Culture Change:

Back 25

slow, changes when there is a clash of core values

Front 26

Culture of Distrust:

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???

Front 27

Culture:

Back 27

learned set of ideas and behaviors that are acquired by people as members of society

Front 28

Cycles of Dehumanization:

Back 28

Provincialism, dehumanization, victimization, exploitation, protect power, conflict, protect power, victimization, separation, provincialism, perpetrator is dehumanized

Front 29

Dehumanization:

Back 29

defining, representing, or treating as less than human

Front 30

Dependency:

Back 30

the argument that poverty and underdevelopment are a consequence of capitalist colonial intervention in otherwise thriving independent societies

Front 31

Deviant and Countercultures:

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alternative lifestyles for those who cannot or will not conform to dominate culture

Front 32

Differences across Subfields:

Back 32

methods, data gathered, finding conclusions

Front 33

Disciplinary Programs and Subfields:

Back 33

biological, socio-cultural, archeology, linguistic

Front 34

Disease:

Back 34

???

Front 35

Distribution of Disease:

Back 35

???

Front 36

Dominant or Core Culture:

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The culture whose norms, values, language, structures, and institutions tend to predominate

Front 37

Dominant Values in US:

Back 37

personal achievement, hard work, humanitarianism, orientation toward moral judgments, pragmatism, progress toward better life, materialism, equality, freedom and autonomy, outward conformity, science over the environment, nationalism, democratic principles, individual importance/responsibility, racism/group superiority

Front 38

Elements of Culture ("Nature of Culture"):

Back 38

blue print of ideas and customs; complex, selective, symbolic; evolving; set of values, beliefs, and practices; learned across generations, learned through symbols (art, stories, performances); source of solace and comfort, meaning is defined locally; environmental, helps people live in different niches; law and order,helps people solve conflicts; explanatory, explains life and events; identifies groups of people, creates a community; innate, unique set of solutions for solving problems; causes problems by creating an in-group and out-group

Front 39

Emic:

Back 39

"my perspective," insider perspective

Front 40

Enculturated:

Back 40

lifelong process of socialization into one culture

Front 41

Ethnicity:

Back 41

shared origins and/or cultures, not permanently fixed, changes w. situation

Front 42

Ethnocentrism:

Back 42

the view that one's own way of life is naturally better than other, different ways of life

Front 43

Ethnography (new definition):

Back 43

the study of the dynamics and relations of power and representations as they influence and structure all lives through conformity and resistance

Front 44

Ethnography and Dehumanization:

Back 44

makes "others" people, identifies the cycle of dehumanization

Front 45

Ethnography Uses (appropriate/genital mutilation)

Back 45

is it more cultrually beneficial or medically harmful

Front 46

Etic:

Back 46

"Your perspective," outsider perspective

Front 47

Eugenics:

Back 47

prohibiting people with "bad" genes from having kids

Front 48

Exploitation:

Back 48

power = profit

Front 49

Family:

Back 49

the people you live with

Front 50

Fieldwork:

Back 50

Learning about a culture through interviews or other data collection methods

Front 51

Franz Boas:

Back 51

20th C anthropologist, disproved scientific racism, had ethnocentric ideas

Front 52

Function of Family:

Back 52

???

Front 53

Gender:

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social role, usually associated with sex

Front 54

Illness:

Back 54

experience of suffering, the sufferer's judgment defines the problem

Front 55

Globalization:

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the intensifying flow of capital, goods, people (tourists as well as immigrants and refugees), images, and ideas around the world

Front 56

Household:

Back 56

People who you live with

Front 57

Hegemony:

Back 57

dominance of one social group over another, such that the ruling group--referred to as a hegemon--acquires some degree of consent from the subordinate, as opposed to dominance purely by force

Front 58

"Hidden Health Care System”:

Back 58

???

Front 59

Household Production of Health:

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???

Front 60

Imperialism:

Back 60

the forceful extension of a nation's authority by territorial conquest establishing economic and political domination of other nations that are powerful

Front 61

Influencing Theories of Anthropology:

Back 61

modernization, dependency, world systems

Front 62

Infrastructure:

Back 62

technology and how to use it (handle)

Front 63

Institutional Racism:

Back 63

the systematic and covert forms of racism that are perpetuated by dominate groups, social systems and institutions like medicine, law, and education

Front 64

Internal colonization:

Back 64

the imposition of a new cultural system leaves those who are colonized with a lack of identity and limited sense of their past. The indigenous history and customs once practiced and observed slowly slip away. The colonized become hybrids of two vastly different cultural systems

Front 65

Key Elements in Therapeutic Event:

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???

Front 66

Key Stages in Sickness Episode:

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???

Front 67

Kinship:

Back 67

who is considered to be your relatives

Front 68

Life Chances:

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opportunities for acquiring favorable life experiences--the good life, liberty, and happiness

Front 69

Life Expectancy:

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the average age to which a person in a particular group or area is expected to live

Front 70

Main Goals of Anthropology:

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DIE:
Document the development of humans of culture bearing animals
Identify universals in human experiences
Explain cultural diversity

Front 71

Marginal:

Back 71

having little to do with either subculture or dominant culture

Front 72

Means of Achieving Therapeutic Efficacy:

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???

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Medical Anthropology:

Back 73

how human culture identifies, treats, and looks at medical issues such as birth, illness, and death

Front 74

Melting Pot:

Back 74

homogeneous society, blend of cultures

Front 75

Modern medicine:

Back 75

Biomedicine,

Front 76

Modernism:

Back 76

structures around normal/dominate values, finding out how the other is "like us", ethnocentric, kinship terms..., cultural evolution

Front 77

Modernization theory:

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a unilateral theory of economic development, a universal recipe for capitalist and economic development

Front 78

Nationalism:

Back 78

a colony's people's distinct sense that they are one people or nation, and have a right to political self-determination, or self-rule

Front 79

Neocolonialism:

Back 79

ties between former colonies and their former imperial imperial rules that persist today in the absence of imperial political domination

Front 80

Neoliberalism:

Back 80

In which international institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund urge individual nation-states to pursue their won economic self-interest in completion with one anther. Replaces the goal of achieving prosperous national self-sufficiency with finding a niche in the global capitalist market

Front 81

Objective Knowledge:

Back 81

not biased

Front 82

Oppression:

Back 82

to press down in a political sense, the process by which people are prevented from exercising legitimate rights or are denied freedom, dignity, or justice. Most obvious when it is violent, it can take other forms, many of which include restrictions and distortion of information

Front 83

Othering:

Back 83

A way of defining and securing one's own positive identity through the stigmatization of an "other."
The social and/or psychological ways in which one group excludes or marginalizes another group, especially to dominate or control them.
By declaring someone "other," persons tend to stress what makes them dissimilar from or opposite of another, and this carries over into the way the represent others, epically through stereotypical images.
Othering also extend to polices

Front 84

Paradigm:

Back 84

a perspective, an approach, a set of intellectual tolls, a framework for understanding and explaining some phenomena

Front 85

Participant-Observation:

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a way of conducting fieldwork so that the researcher participates as much as possible in the life of the people they are studying

Front 86

Physiological Adaptations to Disease:

Back 86

???

Front 87

Pluralistic Society:

Back 87

a society which multiple cultures ideally co-exist, side-by-side. An ideal greatly endangered by prejudice and discrimination

Front 88

Positivism:

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Universal, objective truth can be discovered by rational methods, that scientific explanations involve reducing complex effects to their simpler determining causes, and that those procedures ultimately will unify knowledge from all domains of experience into one theory of everything

Front 89

Prejudice:

Back 89

interpersonal hostility that is directed against individuals based on their membership in a minority group

Front 90

Provincialism:

Back 90

knowing no other alternative

Front 91

Race:

Back 91

???

Front 92

Racism:

Back 92

the belief that human groups have inherent characteristics which determine their respective cultures, usually involving the idea that one's own race is inherently superior and has the right to rule or dominate others

Front 93

Sickness:

Back 93

???

Front 94

Sex:

Back 94

external genitalia

Front 95

Skeletons in the Closet and Reinventions of Anthropology:

Back 95

Skeletons:
Studied dominated people, instrument of colonial rule, understanding the people aided the imperialists, scientific racism, pretended to be a neutral science, discouraged liberation struggles, representations of other as entertainment
Reinventions:
understand and help people,

Front 96

Social Class:

Back 96

???

Front 97

Social Production Patterns of Health and Sickness:

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the process by which social structure comes to exist. Social structure is a product of social relationships-that is of complex power relations that are dynamic, shifting, and subject to change

Front 98

Social Structure:

Back 98

the organized patterns of relationships between individuals and groups with in a society which orders their behavior in a predicable fashion and influences their interaction
(metal frame of umbrella)

Front 99

Structural Inequality:

Back 99

when the unequal treatment comes from a system perpetuated by dominant groups, social systems and institutions

Front 100

Structural Violence:

Back 100

the process by which the outcome of institutional inequality has the result to creating increases suffering, excess, disease, and death

Front 101

Structural Barriers:

Back 101

factors in the social, political, and economic organization or a society that limit life chances and social mobility through discrimination

Front 102

Sub-Cultures:

Back 102

a group with in a large group

Front 103

Subfields of Anthropology:

Back 103

Biological, archeology, socio-cultural, linguistic

Front 104

Superstructure:

Back 104

symbols and cognitive models (air under umbrella)

Front 105

Therapy Management Group:

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???

Front 106

Traditional:

Back 106

???

Front 107

Umbrella Schematic:

Back 107

Anthropology as umbrella
4 Subfields as panels (bio, social-cultural, arch, linguistic)
Culture as a paradigm as the point
3 Analytical levels (infrastructure, social structure, super structure) as the handle, panels, and air

Front 108

Universal Components of Human Societies:

Back 108

technology,economy, politics, social organization, self expression, communication, system of beliefs, healing system

Front 109

Victimization:

Back 109

exploitation of work and bodies, denying resources and rights

Front 110

WHO Definition of Health:

Back 110

???

Front 111

World Systems Theory:

Back 111

the theory that capitalism is a world system because the system included territories all around the world united by economic means alone. Replaced the dependency theory as too simplistic in 1980's.