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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When analyzing a text what can you look at? |
1. Mise-en-scene 2. Camera Angles 3. Shot Types 4.Lighting 5.Editing 6.Sound 7.Genre 8.Narrative 9.Institution behind the text 10.Representations 11.Audience of the text |
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Give 5 shot types |
Close Up Extreme Close Up Establishing shot Over the Shoulder Mid Shot Long Show Two shot |
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How may some moving shots be described? |
Tracking shots Pan Zoom |
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What are the different types of lighting that may be in a scene? |
Key light Back light Fill Light |
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What are the more common types of editing? |
Cut Fade to black Shot reverse shot Eyeline Match Fade Action Match |
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What is the difference between Digetic and Non-Digetic sound? |
Digetic- in the scene Non-Digetic- added during post production for example background music |
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What is ambient sound? |
Background noise eg crickets |
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When discussing genre, which terms should/could be used? |
Hybrid Niche Sub-genre Iconography |
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Schatz said there were genre cycles. What were the 4 stages in these cycles? |
1.Innovation-new and exciting genre 2.Classical-genre chracteristics are well defined 3. Parody 4.Deconstruction- begin to challaenge thee genres own characteristics |
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What did Altman say about genre? |
Genres are defined by the iconography in which you see (semantic) but also the narrative elements (syntactical elements) |
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Who said pleasure is defined from 'repetition and difference' in genres? |
Stephen Neale |
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What terms can be used to describe a narrative? |
Multi-Strand Reterospective Linear Non-Linear Cyclical/Non-Cyclical |
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Whose theory said narratives go through stages of equilibrium? What were the stages? |
1.Equilibrium 2. Disrupted equilibrium 3. Recognition of broken equilibrium 4.Reinstatement of equilibrium |
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What are Barthes 5 Narrative Codes? |
Enigma Code Action Code Semantic Code-refers to parts of text with additional meaning Symbolic Code-Symbolism within text Referential Code- references within text |
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What are Propps Character Types? |
The Hero The Villain The Donor The Dispatcher The False Hero The Helper The Princess The Father |
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What are the key terms you should use when looking at institutions? |
Public Service Provider Ideology Brand Image Convergence Synergy-Consistency across platforms Symbiotic Co-dependency- Institutions working together for mutual benefit |
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What does AIDA stand? |
Attention Interest Desire Action |
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What are the do Marxists say about institutions? |
They are have gatekeepers which mediate what is shown in the text |
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What does Chomsky say? |
80%= Audience 20%=Owners of Institutions Ultimately the audience have no control |
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What is Hegemony? |
Gramsci's idea that the the media have power and influence dominant beliefs in society |
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Who are the Gatekeepers of the media? |
The producers in charge of creating what is shown in media products |
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What key terms should you use when discussing representation? |
Stereotype/Countertypes Mediation Mediated/ Situated Reality |
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What is Goffmans theory on representation? |
Women are represented in certain ways in the media: 1.Artificial Look 2. Dismemberment 3. Commodification 4. Feminine Touch 5. Relative Size 6. Function Ranking |
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Who says the audience is forced to look at texts through a 'male gaze'? |
Mulvey |
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What is the Socio-Demographic scale? |
The grouping of audiences: ABC1s and C2DEs |
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What theory says that white representations are seen as 'normal' and white is not seen as a 'race? |
Dyers White theory |
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What is orientalism? |
The idea that anything that is not western is represented as new and 'exotic'. |
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Who came up with the theory that there are gatekeepers that mediate representations to maintain power? |
David Manning |
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In Reception theory, what readings of the text may an audience take? |
Dominant Reading Negotiated Reading Oppositional Reading |
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What is Cultivation Theory? |
The theory that there are heavy viewers, who are more likely to believe the representations they are shown. There are also light viewers whoa less likely to believe what they are shown. |
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What uses and gratifications may an audience use text for? |
Identity Educate Entertainment Social Interaction |
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Which theory suggests that audiences are passive and therefore accept any representations they are shown? |
Hyperdermic Needle theory |
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What theory suggests that we are passive and the media can influence our behavior? |
Social Cognitive Theory |
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How did Young and Rubicum divide the audience? |
According to their characteristics: 1. Mainstreamers 2. Aspirers 3. Suceeders 4. Reformers |
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What did James Lull say audiences use TV for? |
Structural Uses: 1.Environemnt- eg background noise 2. Regulative- eg telling the time Recreational Uses: 1. Communication Facillitation 2. Avoidance 3.Social Learning 4. Competance- role reinactment ect |
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What did Morleys Nationwide Study reveal? |
Depending on social background people have different interpretations of texts |
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Representations can be dominant or marginalised, what does this mean? |
Dominant- Common Marginalised- less frequently shown in the media |
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What was Foucaults theory about identity? |
Identity is not fixed, it is free floating and people have the opportunity to pick and choose aspects of their identity. |
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Who said identity is a conscious activity in which we create our own identity? |
Giddens |
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What did Judith Butler say about female identities? |
Feminism has closed down options for female identities. |
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What did Butler mean by queer theory? |
Gender is a performance. |
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Who said every representation has a 'kernal of truth'? |
Perking |
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Gerbner says that heavy viewers are more likely to accept the representations that are shown in the media and use these to create their own identity. In believing the representation what type of reality do they have? |
Situated Reality |
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Who said there is 'manufacturing consent' in which gatekeepers must approve of the representation in the text? |
Chomsky |
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What is Tokenism? |
Where often there are 'token' characters used to just offer a representation to allow the audience to 'identify' with the characters. |
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What is the liberal pluralist view on identity? |
As there are multiple identities shown in the media everyone in society should be able to find something to identify with. |
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What is meant by orientalism? |
Eastern cultures are romanticized and misunderstood by the west. The west is often made to be seen as superior to the east. |
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What is Cultural Imperialism? |
The idea that the west is taking over other countries through the media but displaying the western ideologies. |
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What is Hyperreality? |
The blurring of the lines between what is real and what is not real |
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Who came up with Star Theory? What did this theory say? |
Dyer This said that star image becomes recognized as a sign used for advertising. This star image is constructed and not 'real'. Stars are a construct made to appeal to audiences |
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What perspective said that audiences are active and can choose their identity? |
Post Modernism |
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What did Althusser say? |
That by creating our identities based on the media we lose our individuality. Ideology interpellates us. |
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Who came up with the idea of Web 2.0? |
David Gauntlett |
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What is the difference between an Cyber Utopian and Cyper Dystopian view? |
Cyber Utopian- The view someone has when they see digital media as a positive influence on society Cyber Dystopian-The view someone has when they see digital media as and a lack of regulation as a bad thing |
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Who had a Cyber Utopian view but later developed a Cyber Dystopian view? |
Sherry Turkle, she now says we are alone together |
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What is the theory that suggests new and digital media brings us together? |
Global Village |
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What is technological determinism? Who agreed with this and who disagreed? |
Technological determinism- the view that technology drives change Williams and hall- said social and political issues have more of an influence than technology, wee change technology McLuchan however said 'the medium is the message' and changes society |
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What does Andersons long tail theory say? |
That new and digital media can allow niche productts to be accessed further along the 'tail' |
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What did Henry Jenkins say about the importance of viral advertising? |
'If it doesn't spread it's it's dead' |
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Who came up with the theory that we now have a 'participatory culture'? |
Henry Jenkins |
