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209 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cerebr/o
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cerebrum (largest part of the brain)
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cerebell/o
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cerebellum (little brain)
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crani/o
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skull
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encephal/o
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entire brain
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esthesi/o
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sensation
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gangli/o
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ganglion (knot)
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gli/o
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glue
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gnos/o
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knowing
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kinesi/o
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movement
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lex/o
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word or phrase
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mening/o, meningi/o
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meninges (membrane)
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myel/o
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spinal cord or bone marrow
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narc/o
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stupor or sleep
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neur/o
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nerve
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phas/o
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speech
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phob/o
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exaggerated fear or sensitivity
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phor/o
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carry or bear
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phren/o, psych/o, thym/o
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mind
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schiz/o
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split
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somat/o
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body
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somn/o, somn/I, hypn/o
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sleep
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spin/o
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spine (thorn)
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spondyl/o, vertebr/o
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vertebra
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stere/o
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three dimensional or solid
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tax/o
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order or coordination
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thalam/o
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thalamus (a room)
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ton/o
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tone or tension
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top/o
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place
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ventricul/o
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ventricle (belly or pouch)
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cata-
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down
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Suffixes
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-asthenia
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weakness
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-lepsy
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seizure
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-mania
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condition of abnormal impulse toward
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-paresis
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slight paralysis
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-plegia
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paralysis
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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brain and spinal cord
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Brain
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portion of the central nervous system contained within the cranium
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cerebrum
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largest portion of the brain; divided into right and left halves, known as the cerebral hemispheres, which are connected by a bridge of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum; lobes of the cerebrum are named after the skull bones they underlie
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frontal lobe
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anterior section of each cerebral hemisphere; responsible for voluntary muscle movement and personality
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parietal lobe
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portion posterior to the frontal lobe; responsible for sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch
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temporal lobe
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portion that lies below the frontal lobe; responsible for hearing, taste, and smell
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occipital lobe
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portion posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes; responsible for vision
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cerebral cortex
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outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of grey matter; responsible for higher mental functions (cortex = bark)
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thalamus, diencephalon
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each of two grey matter nuclei deep within the brain; responsible for relaying sensory information to the cortex
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gyri
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convolutions (mounds) of the cerebral hemispheres
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sulci
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shallow grooves that separate gyri
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fissures
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deep grooves in the brain
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cerebellum
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portion of the brain located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum; responsible for control and coordination of skeletal muscles
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brainstem
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region of the brain that serves as a relay between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord; responsible for breathing, heart rate, and body temperature; the three levels are the mesencephalon (midbrain), pons, and medulla oblongata
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ventricles
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series of interconnected cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
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plasma-like clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord
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spinal cord
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column of nervous tissue from the brainstem through the vertebrae; responsible for nerve conduction to and from the brain and the body
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meninges
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three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, consisting of the dura, pia and arachnoid mater.
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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nerves that branch from the central nervous system including nerves of the brain (cranial nerves) and spinal cord (spinal nerves)
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cranial nerves
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12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain
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spinal nerves
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31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
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sensory nerves
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nerves that conduct impulses from body parts and carry sensory information to the brain; also called afferent nerves (ad= toward; ferre = to carry)
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motor nerves
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nerves that conduct motor impulses from the brain to muscles and glands; also called efferent nerves (e= out; ferre = to carry)
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autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, and various glands
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hypothalamus
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coontrol center for the autonomic nervous system located below the thalamus
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sympathetic nervous system
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division of the autonomic nervous system that is concerned primarily with preparing the body in stressful or emergency situations ("Fight or Flight")
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parasympathetic nervous system
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division of the autonomic nervous system that is most active in ordinary conditions; it counterbalances the effects of the sympathetic system by restoring the body to a restful state after a stressful experience ("rest and digest")
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aphasia, dysphasia
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imparement because of localized brain injury that affects the understanding, retrieving, and formulating of meaningful and sequential elements of language, as demonstrated by an inability to use or comprehend words; occurs as a result of a stroke, head trauma, or disease
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coma
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a general term referring to levels of decreased consciousness with varying responsiveness; a common method of assessment is the Glasgow Coma Scale
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delirium
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a state of mental confusion caused by disturbances in cerebral function; the many causes include fever, shock, and drug overdose (deliro= to draw the furrow awry when plowing, to go off the rails)
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dementia
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an imparement of intellectual function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion (dementio = to be mad)
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motor deficit
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loss or imparement of muscle function
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sensory deficit
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loss or imparement of sensation
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neuralgia
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pain along the course of a nerve
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paralysis
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temporary or permanent loss of motor control
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flaccid paralysis
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defective (flabby) or absent muscle control caused by a nerve lesion
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spastic paralysis
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stiff and awkward muscle control caused by a central nervous system disorder
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hemiparesis
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partial paralysis of the right or left half of the body
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sciatica
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pain that follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve caused by compression of the nerve or its roots
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seizure
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sudden, transient disturbances in brain function resulting from an abnormal firing of nerve impulses; may or may not be associated with convulsions.
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convulsion
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to pull together; type of seizure that causes a series of sudden, involuntary contractions of muscles
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syncope
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fainting
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tactile stimulation
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evoking a response by touching
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hyperesthesia
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increased sensitivity to stimulation such as touch or pain
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paresthesia
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abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without objective cause
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agnosia
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any type of loss of neurologic function involving interpretation of sensory information
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astereognosis
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inability to judge the form of an object by touch (e.g. a coin from a key)
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atopognosis
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inability to locate a sensation properly, such as an inability to locate a point touched on the body
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Alzheimer's disease
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disease of structural changes in the brain resulting in an irreversible deterioration that progresses from forgetfulness and disorientation to loss of all intellectual functions , total disability, and death
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
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condition of progressive deterioration of motor nerve cells resulting in total loss of voluntary muscle weakness in th arms and legs, to the muscles of speech, swallowing, and breathing, to total paralysis and death; also known as "Lou Gehrig disease"
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cerebral palsy (CP)
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condition of motor dysfunction caused bu damage to the cerebrum during development or injury at birth; characterized by partial paralysis and lack of muscle coordination
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cerebrovascular disease
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disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels of the brain
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cerebral arteriosclerosis
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hardening of the arteries of the brain
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cerebral atherosclerosis
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condition of lipid build up within the blood vessels of the brain
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cerebral aneurysm
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dilation of a blood vessel in the brain
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cerebral thrombosis
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presence of a stationary clot in a blood vessel of the brain
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cerebral embolism
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obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain by an embolus transported though the circulation
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Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), stroke
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damage to the brain caused by cerebrovascular disease such as occlusion of a blood vessel by a thrombus or embolus (ischemic stroke) or intracranial hemorrhage after rupture of an aneurysm (hemorrhagic stroke)
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transient ischemic attack (TIA)
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brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain usually caused by a partial occlusion that results in temporary neurologic deficit (imparement); often preceeds a CVA
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encephalitis
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inflammation of the brain
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electrodiagnostic procedures
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procedures used to evaluate func of nervous system by recording electrical signals produced in brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
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electroencephalogram (EEG)
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type of electrodiagnostic procedure. Record of minute electical impulses of brain. Used to ID neurological cond that affect brain func and level of consiousness
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evoked potentials
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type of electrodiagnostic procedure. Record of minute electrical potentials (waves ) that are extracted from ongoing EEG activity to diagnose auditory, visual, and sensory pathway disroders. Used to monitor neurological func of patients during surgery
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polysomnography (PSG)
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recording of various aspects of sleep (eye & muscle mvmt, respiration, EEG patterns) to diagnose sleep disorders
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lumbar puncture (LP)
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introduction of a specialized needle into spine in lumbar region for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes (to obtain CSF for testing), aka spinal tap
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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nonionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and rf waves to visualize anatomic structures ie tissues of brain and spinal cord
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magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
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MRI of bld vessels to detect pathologicol cond such as thrombosis and atherosclerosis
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intracranial MRA
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MRI of head to visulize vessels of circle of Willis (common site of cerebral aneurysm, stenosis, or occlusion)
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extracranial MRA
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MRI of neck to visualize carotid artery
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nuclear medicine imaging
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radio nuclide organ imaging
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single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) brain scan
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scan combining nuclear med and CT to produce images of brain after admin of radioactive isotopes
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positron-emission tomography (PET)
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nuclear med and CT to produce images of brain anatomy and physioogy. Used to study stroke, Alzheimer's, epilepsy, metabolic brain disorders, chem of nerve transmissions in brain, etc. more accurate than SPECT, but not as popular b/c more expensive and limited avilability of radioisotopes
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radiography
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x-ray imaging
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cerebral angiogram
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x-ray of bld vessels in brain after intracarotid injection of contrast medium
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CT of the head
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CT (xray) images of head used to visualize abnormalities such as brain tumors and malformations
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myelogram
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xray of spinal cord obtained after intraspinal injection of contrast medium
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reflex testing
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test performed to observe body's response to stimulus
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deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
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involuntary muscle contraction after percussion at a tendon (patella or Archilles) indicating func, postive findings are either no reflex response or an exaggerated response to stimulus; #'s often used to record responses (0= no response, 1= diminished response, 2=normal response 3=more brisk than average response 4= hyperactive response)
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Babinski sign/reflex
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pathologic response to stim of plantar surface of foot. + sign when toes dorsiflex (curl upward)
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transcranial Doppler sonogram
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image made by sending ultrasound beams through skull to assess bld flow in intracranial vessels; used in diagnosis and mgmt of stroke and head trauma
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carotid endarterectomy
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incision/coring of lining of carotid artery to clear blockage caused by buildup of atherosclerotic plaque or a clot. Open procedure used to tx patients who are at risk for stroke
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craniectomy
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excision of part of skull to approach brain
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craniotomy
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incision into skull to approach brain
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diskectomy/ discectomy
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removal of herniated disk; often done percutaneously
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endovascular neurosurgery/ interventional neuroradiology
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minimally invasive tech for dx and tx of disorders w/in bld vessels of neck, brain, spinal cord using specialized catheters inserted percutaneously (through skin) into femoral artery (in groin) and guided by angiographic imaging to txment site. Performed in specialized angiographic lab by interventional neuroradiologists. common procedures incl 1) percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) w/ stent (eg carotid PTA) 2) embolization (plugging) of intracranial aneurysms and vascular malformations
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laminectomy
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excision of one or more laminae of vertabrae to approach spinal cord
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vertebral lamina
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flattened posterior portion of vertebral arch
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microsurgery
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use of microscope to dissect minute structures during surgery
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neuroplasty
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surgical repair of nerve
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spondylosyndesis
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spinal fusion
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myastenia gravis
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autoimmune disorder that affects neuromuscular junction, causing progressive decrease in muscle strength; activity resumes and strength returns after period of rest
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myelitis
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inflammation of spinal cord
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narcolepsy
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sleep disorder characterized by sudden, uncontrollable need to sleep, attacks of paralysis (cataplexy), and dreams intruding while awake (hypnagogic hallucinations)
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neural tube defects
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congenital deformities of the brain and spinal cord caused by incomplete devl of neural tube (embryonic structure that forms the nervous system)
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anencephaly
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defect in closure of cephalic portion of neural tube that results in incomplete devl of brain and bones of skull; most drastic neural tube defect that usually results in stillbirth
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spinal bifida
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defect in devl of spinal column characterized by absence of vertebral arches, often resulting in pouching of meninges (meningocele) or of the meninges and spinal cord (meningomyelocele); considered to be most common neural tube defect
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Parkinson disease
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cond of slowly progressive degeneration in an area of the brainstem (substantia nigra) resulting in a dec of dopamine (chem NT necessary for proper mvmt); characterized by tremor, rigidity of muscles, and slow mvmt (bradykinesia); usually occurs later in life
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plegia
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paralysis
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hemiplegia
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paralysis of one side of body
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paraplegia
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paralysis from waist down
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quadriplegia
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paralysis of all 4 limbs
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poliomyelitis
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inflammation of grey matter of spinal cord caused by virus, often resulting I nspinal and muscle deformity and paralysis
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polyneurtitis
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inflammation involving 2 or more nerves caused by nutritional deficiency such as lack of thiamine
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sleep apnea
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periods of breathing cessation (10s or more) that occur during sleep, often causing snoring
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Common therapeutic Drug Classifications
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psychotropic drugs
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medications used to treat mental illnesses (trop/o=a turning)
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antianxiety agents/anxiolytic agents
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drugs used to reduce anxiety
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antidepressant
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agent that couteracts depression
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neuroleptic agents
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drugs used to treat psychosis, especially schizophrenia
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sedative
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agent that has a calming effect and quiets nervousness
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Psychiatric therapeutic terms
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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electrical shock applied to the brain to induce convulsions; used to treat patients with severe depression
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light therapy
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use of specialize illuminating light boxes and visors to treat seasonal affective disorder
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psychotherapy
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treatment of psychiatric disorders using verbal and nonverbal interaction with patients, individually or in a group, employing specific actions and techniques
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behavioral therapy
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treatment to decrease or stop unwanted behavior
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cognitive therapy
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treatment to change unwanted patterns of thinking
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Major depression, major depressive illness, clinical depression, major affective disorder, unipolar disorder
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a disorder causing periodic disturbances in mood that affect concentration, sleep, activity, appetite, and social behavior, characterized by feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, and loss of interest
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dysthymia
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a milder affective disorder characterized by chronic depression
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manic depression, bipolar depresson (BD)
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an affective disorder characterized by mood swings of mania and depression (extreme up and down states)
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seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
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an affective disorder marked by episodes of depression that most often occur during the fall and winter and that remit in the spring
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generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
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the most common anxiety disorder; characterized by chronic, excessive, uncontrollable worry about everyday problems; affects the ability to relax or concentrate, but does not usually interfere with social interactions or employment; physical symptoms include muscle tension, trembling, twitching, fatigue, headaches, nausea, and inomnia
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panic disorder
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a disorder of sudden; recurrent attacks of intense feelings, including physical symptoms that mimic a heart attack (rapid heart rate,chest pain, shortness of breath, chills, sweating, and dizziness) with a general sense of loss of control or feeling that death death is imminent; often progresses to agoraphobia
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phobia
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exaggerated fear of a specific object or circumstance that causes anxiety and panic; named for the object or circumstance, such as agoraphobia (fear of the marketplace), claustrophobia fear of confinement), and acrophobia (fear of high places)
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posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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a condition resulting from an extremely traumatic experience, injury, or illness that leaves the sufferer with persistent throughts and memories of the ordeal; may occur after a war, violent personal assault, physical or sexual abuse, serious accident, or natural disaster, symptoms include feelings offear, detachment, exggerated startle response, restlessness, naightmares, and avidance of anything or anyone who triggers the painful recollections
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obsessive-compulisve disorder (OCD)
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an anxiety disorder featuring unwanted, senseless obsessions accompanied by repeated compulsions; can interfere with all aspects of a perons's daily life; for example, the thought that a dorr is not locked causing repetitive checking to a make sure it is locked, or thoughts that one's body has been contaminated causing repetitive washing
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hypochondriasis
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a preoccupation with thoughts of disease and concern that one is suffeing from a serious condition that persists despite medical reassurance to the contrary
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Disorders usually diagnosed in childhood
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autism
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a developmental disability, commonly appearing during the first three years of life, resulting from a neurologic disorder affecting brain function, as evidenced by difficulties with verbal and nonverbal communication and an inability to relate to anything beyond oneself (auto=self) in social interactions; person with autism often exhibit body movements such as rocking and repetitive hand movements; persons commonly become preoccupied with observing parts of small objects or moving parts or with performing meaningless rituals
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dyslexia
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a developmental disability characterized by difficulty understanding written or spoken words, sentences, or paragraphs that affects reading, spelling, and self-expression
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attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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a dysfunction characterized by consistent hyperactivity distractibility, and lack of control over impulses, which interferes with ability to function normally at school, home, or work
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Mental retardation
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a condition of subaverage intelligence characterized by an IQ of 70 or less, resulting in the inability to adapt to normal social activities
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anorexia nervosa
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a severe disturbance in eating behavior caused by abnormal perceptions about one's body weight, as evidenced by an overwhelming fear of becoming fat that results in a refusal to eat and body weight well below normal
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bulimia nervosa
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an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by efforts to limit digestion though induced vomiting, use of laxatives, or exessive exercise
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Substance abuse disorders
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substance abuse disorders
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mental disorders resulting from abuse of substances such as drugs, alcohol, or other toxins, causing personal and social dysfunction; identifed by the abused substance, such as alcohol abuse, amphetamine abuse, opioid (narcotic) abuse, and polysubstance abuse
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schizophrenia
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a disease of brain chemistry causing a distorted cognitive and emotional perception of one's environment; symptoms include distortions of normal function (such as disorganized thought, delusions, hallucinations, and catatonic behavior), flat affect, apathy, and withdrawal from reality
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Psychiatric Symptoatic Terms
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affect
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emotional feeling or mood
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flat affect
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significantly dulled emotional tone or outward reaction
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apathy
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a lack of interest or display of emotion
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catatonia
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a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including including muscle rigidity, starting, and inability to communicate
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delusion
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a persistent belief that has no basis in reality
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grandiose delusion
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a person's false blief that he or she possesses gret wealth, intelligence, or power
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persecutory delusion
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a person's false belief that someone is plotting against him or her with the intent to harm
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dysphria
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a restless, dissatisfied mood
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euphoria
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an exagerated, unfounded feeling of well-being
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hallucination
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a false perception of the senses for which there is no reality; most commonly hearing or seeing things alucinor=to wander in mind)
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ideation
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the formation of thoughts or ideas, such as suicidal ideation (thoughts of suicide)
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mania
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state of abnormal elation and increased activity
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neurosis
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a psychologic condition in which anxiety is prominent
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psychosis
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a mental condition characterized by distortion of realiaty resulting in the inability to communicate or function within one's environment
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thought disorder
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thought that lacks clear processing or logical direction
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chemotherapy
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treatment of malignancies infections, and other diseases with chemical agents to destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce
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radiation therapy
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treatment of neoplastic disease using ionizing radiation to impede the proliferation of malignant cells
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stereotactic or steretaxic radiosurgery
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radiation treatment to inactivate malignant
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stereotactic or steretaxic frame
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mechanical device used to localize a point in space, targeting a precise site
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analgesic
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agent that relieves pain
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anticonvulsant
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agent that prevents or lessen convulsion
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hypnotic
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agent that induces sleep
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nervous system diagnostic terms
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epilepsy
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disorder affecting the central nervous system; characterized by recurrent seizures
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tonic-clonic seizure
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stiffening-jerking; a major motor seizure involving all muscle groups; previousl ytermed grand mal (bi bad)
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absence seizure
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seizure involving a brief loss of consciousness without motor involvement; previously termed petit mal (little bad) seizure
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partial seizure
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seizure involving only limited areas of the brain with localized symptoms
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glioma
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tumor of glial cells graded according to degree of malignancy
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herniated disk or disc
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protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that that nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
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herpes zoster
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viral disease affecting the periperal nerves, characterized by painfl blisters that spread over the skin following the affected nerves, usually unilateral; also known as shingles
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hutington chorea/huntington disease (HD)
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hereditary disease of the central nervous system characterized by bizarre, invluntary body movements and progressive dementia (choros-dance)
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hydrocephalus
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abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain as a result of developmental anomalies, infection, injury, or tumor
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meningioma
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beign tumor of the coverings of the brain (the meninges)
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meningitis
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inflammation of the meninges
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migraine headache
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paroxysmal 9sudden, periodic) attacks of mostly unilateral headache, often accompanied by disordered vision, nausea, or vomiting, lasting hours or dats and caused by dilation of arteries
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multiple sclerosis (MS)
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disease of the central nervous system characterized by the demyelination (deterioration of the myelin sheath) of nerve fibers, with episodes of neurologic dysfunction (exacerbation) followed by recovery (remission)
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