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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
brain
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comprising the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
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cerebrum
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main (largest) portion of the brain, occupying the upper part of the cranial cavity
-its 2 hemispheres, united by the corpus callosum, form the largest part of the CNS in humans |
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cerebellum
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situated on the back of the brain stem; consisting of a median lobe (vermis) and two lateral lobes (the hemispheres)
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brain stem
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stemlike portion of the brain connecting the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord and comprismising the pons, medulla, oblongata, and midbrain
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encephalon
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located between the cerebrum and midbrain, it contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal glands. Involved in controlling body temp, sleep, appetite, blood pressure, and sexual activity
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spinal cord
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the part of the CNS lodged in the spinal column
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meninges
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the 3 membranes covering the brain and spinal cord: dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
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dura mater
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outermost, toughest of the 3 meninges of the brain and spinal cord
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arachnoid
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the delicate membrane interposed between the dura mater and the pia mater
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pia mater
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the innermost of the 3 meninges covering the brain and spinal cord
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cerebrospinal fluid
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fluid within the ventricles of the brain, the subarachnoid space, and the central canal
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Cranial nerves
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the 12 pairs of nerves emerging from the cranial cavity through various openings in the skull
Oh Oh Oh To touch and feel a girls vagina, ahhhh, heaven |
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olfactory
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sense of smell
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optic
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vision
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oculomotor
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movements of the eye
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trochlear
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muscles of the eyes
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trigeminal
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facial movements
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abducens
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muscles of the eye turning the eye outward
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facial
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muscles of the face, ears, and scalp
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auditory
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pertaining to the ear or the sense of hearing
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glossopharyngeal
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pertaining to the tongue and pharynx
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pneumogastric vagus
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voice and swallowing
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spinal
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neck muscles
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hypoglossal
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beneath the tongue
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spinal accessory nerves
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the 31 pairs of nerves without special names that are connected to the spinal cord
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sympathetic
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the part of the autonomic nervous system assisting the body in emergencies, defense, and survival
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parasympathetic
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the part of the autonomic nervous system bringing body functions back to normal after a stressful situation has ended
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abscess (brain)
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secondary to infection in the body (ex. ear, sinuses)
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Alzheimers Disease (presenile dementia)
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characterized by confusion, restlessness, agnosia, speech disturbances, inability to carry out purposeful movements, and hallucinations. The disease usually begins in later midlife with slight defects in memory and behavior and occurs with equal frequency in men and women. (unknown cause)
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
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progressive degeneration of the upper and lower motor neurons; usually fatal
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anencephaly
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congenital absence of the brain; death occurs in 1-2 days
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Bell's palsy
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unilateral facial paralysis of sudden onset caused by lesion of the facial nerve; facial distortion
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carpal tunnel syndrome
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disorder is largely due to repetitive overuse of the fingers, hands, or wrists, which causes inflammation of the median nerve in the tunnel. Symptoms are intermittent or continuous pain, esp. at night. Treatment involves anti-inflammatory drugs, splints, physical therapy, and ceasing the overuse. If these measures fail, surgical measures to relieve the pressure may be necessary
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cerebral palsy
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paralysis from developmental defects or trauma; many symptoms; appearing before age 3, caused by non progressive damage to the brain
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cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
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decrease in blood flow supply to the brain, causing death to the specific portion of the brain tissue affected. Three types include hemorrhagic stroke (cerebral vessel ruptures), thrombotic stroke (blood clot in the arteries leading to the brain gets blocked), and embolic stroke (embolus lodges in a cerebral vessel and causes blockage)
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concussion
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violent blow to the head; there may or may not be a loss of consciousness
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convulsion (seizure)
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involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the voluntary muscles; sudden disturbances in mental functions and body movements, some with loss of consciousness
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encephalitis
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inflammation of the brain
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epilepsy
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seizure disorder
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fracture (skull)
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break in the bones of the skull; cause can be injury, gunshot wounds
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grand mal seizure
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(tonic-clonic seizures) loss of consciousness, falling down, and involuntary muscle contractions (preceded by aura, numbness, or dizziness)
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hematoma
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blood 'tumor' (clot); must be removed if large enough to cause pressure on brain
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herpes zoster
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"shingles"; and acute inflammatory disease of cerebral or spinal nerve due to viral infection; common in the elderly
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hydrocephalus
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"water on the brain"'; congenital or acquired condition marked by dialation of the cerebral ventricles accompanied by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the skull
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Huntington's chorea
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ceaseless occurrence of rapid, jerky involuntary movements; hereditary disease marked by chronic progressive chorea and mental deterioration
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Korsakoff's syndrome
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an alcoholic psychosis with disorientation, progressing to complete amnesia
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meningitis
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inflammation of the meninges caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infection
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meningocele (myelomeningocele)
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hernial protrusion of the meninges through a bone defect in the cranium or vertebral column; may be repaired surgically
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multiple sclerosis (MS)
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brain and cord contain areas of degenerated myelin. Symptoms of lesions include weakness, incoordination, speech disturbances, and visual complaints
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Myasthenia gravis (MG)
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progressive neuromuscular disorder characterized by chronic fatigue and muscle weakness; considered to be an autoimmune disease.
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neuropathy
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disease of the cranial and peripheral nervous system; motor, sensory, and reflex impairment
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organic (chronic) brain syndrome
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any mental disorder caused by impairment of brain tissue function; may be acute and reversible, caused by injury, infection, and nutritional deficiency, or chronic, resulting from relatively permanent organic impairment of brain tissue function
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Parkinson's Disease
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a slowly progressive, degenerative, neurological disorder characterized by resting tumor
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Petit mal seizures
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(absence seizure) petit mal is a minor seizure lasting only a few seconds. (frequent in children)
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polimyelitis
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acute viral disease with fever, sore throat, headache, vomiting, and often stiffness of the neck and back; may be minor or major; can be prevented by vaccination
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sciatica
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severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve; also pain radiating into the buttock and lower limb, most commonly caused by herniation of a lumbar disk
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shunt
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to bypass (ex. using a catheter to drain fluid from brain cavities to the spinal cord)
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spinal cord injuries
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traumatic disruption of the spinal cord, with extensive muscoskeletal involvement. Spinal fractures and dislocations are common in car accidents and airplane crashes and can cause varying degrees of paraplegia and quadriplegia
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sebdural hematoma
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blood is usually a result of a closed head injury, acceleration-deceleration injury, use of anticoagulants, contusions, or chronic alcoholism.
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Tay-Sach's disease
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inherited inborn error of metabolism in which there is an enzyme deficiency causing altered lipid metabolism; Deficiency of this enzyme results in accumulation of a specific lipid in the brain, which leads to physical and mental retardation
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tumors (cord, brain)
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benign or malignant, primary or metastatic; may be classified by location, tissue type, or degree of malignancy (ex. gliomas, neuromas)
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whiplash
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a popular term for an acute cervical sprain; acceleration extension injury of the cervical spine
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angiogram (anteriogram), cerebral
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a radiopaque substance in injected into arteries in the neck, then x-ray films are taken
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Babinski's sign
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reflex response; when sole of the foot is stroked, the big toe turns up instead of down (normal in newborn, but pathologic later on)
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bur holes
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holes made with a drill creating openings in bones to permit access for biopsy, insertion of drains for relieving pressure, or for monitoring devices
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computerized tomography (CT) brain scan (CAT scan)
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3-dimensional view of the brain tissue obtained as x-ray beams pass through layers of the brain
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cordotomy
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cutting of nerve fibers to relieve intractable pain
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craniotomy
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any operation on the cranium
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echoencephalogram (EEG)
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use of ultrasound to show displacement of brain structures
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electoencephalogrom (EKG)
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record of electrical activity of the brain
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laboratory procedures
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examination of cerebrospinal fluid (cell counts, culture, blood)
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laminectomy
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excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra to view the spinal cord or to relieve pressure
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lumbar puncture (LP)
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spinal tap
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lumbar symphathectomy
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a surgical interruption of part of the sympathetic nerve pathways, performed for the relief of chronic pain in vascular diseases
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain
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noninvasive technique using magnetic waves to create an image of the brain
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myelogram (myelography)
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the film produced by myelography
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nerve block
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injection of anesthetic into a nerve to procedure the loss of sensation
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nerve cells (neurons)
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conducting cells of the nervous system, consisting of a cell body containing the nucleus and its surrounding cytoplasm, and the acon and dendrites
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pneumoencephalogram (PEG)
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the radiograph obtained by visualization of the fluid-containing structures of the brain after cerebrospinal fluid is intermittently withdrawn by lumbar puncture and replaced by air, oxygen, or helium
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positron emission tomography (PET) scan
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images of various structures show how the brain uses glucose and gives information about brain function
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rhizotomy
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cutting the roots of spinal nerves to relieve incurable pain
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Romberg test
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a test of the sense of balance
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trephination
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drilling a hole in the skull to evacuate clots or inject air for a diagnostic procedure
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vagotomy
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surgical transection of the fibers of the vagus nerve
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ventriculography
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radiography of the cerebral ventricles after introduction of air or other contrast medium
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affect
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the feeling experienced in connection with an emotion
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aggression
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hostile attitude; may be due to insecurity or inferiority feeling
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ambivalence
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conflicting emotional attitudes toward a goal (hate and love)
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amnesia
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loss of memory
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autism
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complete withdrawal; inability to communicate
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catatonia
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excessive violent motor activity or lack of reaction and movement
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delusion
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a false personal belief
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delirium
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a mental disturbance of relatively short duration
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depression
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in psychiatry,a morbid sadness, dejection, or melancholy (decrease of body functions)
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echolalia
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automatic repetition be a patient of what is said to him or her
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT, EST)
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introducing convulsions by means of electricity; used on patients with affective disorders
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hallucination
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hearing and seeing things not really present
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hypochondria
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imaginary illness
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hysteria
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extremely emotional state
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involutional melancholia
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mental illness in late middle life, with agitation, worry, anxiety, and insomnia
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malingering
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make believe (pretending to be ill)
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manic-depressive
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(bipolar disorder) major psychosis; fluctuation of behavior between mania and depression
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megalomania
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belief in one's own extreme greatness, goodness, or power
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neurasthenia
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stage in the recovery from a schizophrenic experience during which the patient is listless and apparently unable to cope with routine activities and relationships
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neurosis
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an emotional disorder caused by unresolved conflicts, anxiety being its chief characteristic
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paranoid
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a person who is overly suspicious (in trends or attitudes)
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phobia
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any persistent abnormal dread or fear
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psychosis
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a major mental disorder; with personality derangement and loss of contact with reality
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rapid eye movement (REM)
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occur during periods of dreaming
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schizophrenia
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any of a group of severe emotional disorders characterized by withdrawal from reality, delusions, hallucinations, ambivalence, inappropriate affect, and withdrawn, bizarre, and regressive behavior
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aphasia
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loss of ability to speak owing to injury or disease of the brain centers
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ataxia
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failure of muscular coordination
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biofeedback
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process of furnishin a person with information on the state of one or more physiologic variables, such as heart rate, blood pressure, or skin temperature, often enabling the person to fain some voluntary control over the body function
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cauda equina
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the collection of spinal roots descending from the lower spinal cord and supplying the rectal area
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comatose
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in a deep stupor; cannot be aroused
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contrecoup
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denoting an injury to the brain, occurring at a site opposite to the point of impact
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deep tendon reflex (DTR)
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a reflex elicited by a sharp tap on the appropriate tendon or muscle to induce brief stretch of the muscle, followed by contraction
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encephalon
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the brain
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fissure
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many meanings; one refers to a deep furrow in the brain
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flaccid
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weak, lax, soft, flabby; poor muscle tone
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foramen magnum
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a large opening in the occipital bone through which the cord passes
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ganglion
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a knot. a group of nerve cell bodies, located outside the central nervous system
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gyrus (pl. gyri)
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convolutions of the cerebrum
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hemisphere
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either half of the brain
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ipsilateral
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situated on or affecting the same side
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limbic system
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the part of the brain associated with attitudes and emotional behavior
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manometer
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an instrument for measuring the pressure (ex. of spinal fluid)
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myelin
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white, liquid, fatty substance surrounding some nerve fibers (white matter)
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neurilemma (sheath of Schwann)
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the membrane surrounding the peripheral nerves
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paralysis
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inability to use muscles because of damage to the nervous system
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paresis
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slight or incomplete paralysis
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paresthesia
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an abnormal sensation, such as burning or prickling
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plexus
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a network of nerves or blood vessels
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reflex
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an involuntary response to a stimulus
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spastic
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uncontrollable and forced contractions
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stimulus
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any agent, act, or influence that produces a reaction or response
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sulcus (pl. sulci)
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a groove, trench, or furrow on the brain surface
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syncope
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a faint; temporary loss of consciousness
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ventricle (brain)
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a small cavity in the brain
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