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188 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ankyl/o
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crooked or stiff
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arthr/o, articul/o
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joint (articulation)
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brachi/o
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arm
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cervic/o
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neck
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chondr/o
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cartilage (gristle)
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cost/o
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rib
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dactyl/o
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digit (finger or toe)
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crani/o
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skull
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fasci/o
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fascia (a band)
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femor/o
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femur
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fibr/oo
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fiber
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kyph/o
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humpback
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lei/o
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smooth
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lord/
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bent
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lumb/o
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lion (lower back)
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myel/o
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bone marrow or spinal cord
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my/o, myos/o, muscul/o
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muscle
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oste/o
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bone
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patell/o
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knee cap
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pelv/i, pelv/o
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hip bone or pelvic cavity
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radi/o
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radius
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rhabd/o
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rod shaped or striated (skeletal)
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sarc/o
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flesh
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scoli/o
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twisted
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spondyl/o, vertebr/o
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vertebra
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stern/o
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sternum (breastbone)
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ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
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tendon (to stretch)
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thorac/o
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chest
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ton/o
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tone or tension
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uln/o
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ulna
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appendicular skeleton
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bones of shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities
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axial skeleton
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bones of skull, vertebral column, chest, and hyoid bone
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Bone
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specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells) forming the skeleton
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Compact bone
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tightly solid, strong bone tissue resistant to bending
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Spongy (cancellous) bone
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mesh-like bone tissue containing marrow and branching canals through which blood vessels run
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Long Bones
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bones of arms and legs
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Short bones
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bones of wrist and ankes
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Flat Bones
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bones of ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull
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Irregular Bones
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bones of vertebrae and face
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Sesamoid Bones
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round bones found near joints
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Epiphysis
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wide ends of a long bone (physis = growth)
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Diaphysis
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shaft of a long bone
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Metaphysis
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growth zone between epiphysis and diaphysis during development of a long bone
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Endosteum
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membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
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Medullary Cavity
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cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow
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Red Bone Marrow
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found in cavities of most boes in infants; functions in formation of red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found in red blood cells in adults
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Yellow Bone Marrow
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gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones, functions as storage for fat tissue, and is inactive in formation of blood cells
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Peropsteium
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a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone
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Articular Cartilage
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a gristle-like substance found on bones where they articulate
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Articulation
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a joint; the point where two bones come together
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Bursa
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a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
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Disk (Disc)
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a flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue found between the vertebrae to reduce friction
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Nucleus pulposus
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the soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertrbral disk
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Ligament
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a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
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Synovial membrane
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membrane lining the capsule of a joint
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Synovial Fluid
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lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane
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Muscle
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tissue composed of fibers that can contract causing movement of an organ or part of the body
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Striated (skeletal) muscle
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voluntary striated muscle attached to the skeleton
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Smooth muscle
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involuntary muscle found in internal organs
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Cardiac muscle
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muscle of the heart
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Origin of a muscle
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muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
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Insertion of muscle
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muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
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Tendon
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a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
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Fascia
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a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle
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Coronal (frontal) plane
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vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
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Sagittal plane
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vertical division of the body into right and left portions
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Transverse Plane
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horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
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Anterior (A)
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front of the bodyri
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Posterior (P)
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back of the body
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anterior-posterior (AP)
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from front to back; commonly associated with the direction of an x-ray beam
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posterior-anterior (PA)
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from back to front; commonly associated with the direction of an x-ray beam
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Superior (cephalic)
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situated above another structure, toward the head
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Inferior (caudal)
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situated below another structure, away from the head
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Proximal
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toward the beginning or origin of a structure [e.g. the proximal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area closest to where it attaches to the hip]
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Distal
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away from the beginning or origin of a structure [e.g. the distal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area at the end of the bone near the knee]
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Medial
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toward the middle (midline)
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Lateral
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toward the side
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Axis
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line that runs through the center of the body or a body part
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Erect
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normal standing position
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Decubitus
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lying down, especially in bed; i.e., lateral decubitus is lying on the side (decumbo = to lie down)
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Prone
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lying face down and flat
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Recumbent
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lying down
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Supine
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horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back "on the spine"
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Flexion
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bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased
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Extension
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straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased
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Abduction
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movement away from the body
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Adduction
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movement toward the body
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Rotation
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circular movement around an axis
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Eversion
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turning outward, i.e., of a foot
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Inversion
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turning inward, i.e., of a foot
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Supination
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turning upward or forward of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot)
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Pronation
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turning downward or backward of the palmer surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot)
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Dorsiflexion
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bending of the foot or the toes upward
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Plantar Flexion
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bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
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Range of Motion (ROM)
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total motion possible in a joint, described byt the terms related to body movements, i.e., ability to flex, extend, abduct, or adduct
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Goniometer
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instrument used to measure joint angles
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Arthralgia
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joint pain
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Atrophy
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shrinking of tissue such as muscle
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Crepitation, Crepitus
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grating sound made a movement of some joints or broken bones
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Exostosis
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a projection arising from a bone that develops from catilage
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Flaccid
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flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
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Hypertrophy
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increase in the size of tissue such as muscle
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Hypotonia
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reduced muscle tone or tension
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Myalgia, Myodynia
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muscle pain
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Ostealgia, Osteodynia
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bone pain
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Rigor, or Rigidity
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stiffness; stiff muscle
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Spasm
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drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle
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Spastic
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uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles causing stiff and awkward movements (resembles spasms)
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Tetany
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tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contractions
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Tremor
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shaking; rhythmic muscular movement
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Ankylosis
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stiff joint condition
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Arthritis
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inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion
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Osteoarthritis (OA), others include degenerative arthritis and degenerative joint disease (DJD)
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most common form of arthritis that especially affect weight-bearing joints; characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage
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Rheymatoid arthritis (RA)
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most crippling form of arthritis characterized by a chronic, systemic inflammation most often affecting joints and synovial membranes causing stiff joints
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Gouty Arthritis
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acute attacks of arthritis usually in a single joint (especially the great toe) caused by hyperuricemia (an excessive level of uric acid in the blood)
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Bony Necrosis, sequestrum
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dead bone tissue from loss of blood supply such as can occur after a fracture
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Bunion
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swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammatinon the bursa
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Bursitis
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inflammation of a bursa
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Carpal tunnel Syndrome
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condition that results from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel at the wrist, characterized by pain, numbness, and tingling in the wrist and fingers and weak grip; commonly seen as a result of cumulative trauma of surrounding tendons
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Chondromalacia
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softening of cartilage
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Epiphysitis
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inflammation of epiphyseal regions of the long bone
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Fracture
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a broken or cracked bone
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Closed fracture
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a broken bone with no open wound
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Open fracture
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compound fracture; a broken bone with an open wound
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Complex fracture
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a displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair
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fracture line
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line made by broken bone
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Simple Fracture
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a nondisplaced fracture involving one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair
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Comminuted Fracture
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broken in many little pieces
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Greenstick Fracture
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bending and incomplete break of a bone-most often seen in children
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Herniated disk or disc
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protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
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Myeloma
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bone marrow tumor
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Myositis
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inflammation of muscle
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Myoma
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muscle tumor
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leiomyoma
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smooth muscle tumor
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Leiomyosarcoma
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malignant smooth muscle tumor
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rhabdomyoma
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skeletal muscle tumor
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rhabdomyosarcoma
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malignant skeletal muscle tumor
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Muscular Dystrophy
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a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles
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Osteoma
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bone tumor
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Osteosarcoma
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type of malignant bone tumor
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Osteomalacia
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disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vita min D deficiency
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Rickets
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osteomalacia in children (bone deformity)
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Osteomyelitis
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infection of bone and bone marrow causing inflammation
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Osteoporosis
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condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and liable to fracture
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Spinal Curvatures- Kyphosis
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abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine (humpback condition)
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Spinal Curvatures- Lordosis
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abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition)
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Spinal Curvatures- Scoliosis
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abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (S-shaped curve)
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Spondylolisthesis
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forward slipping of a lumber vertebra
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Spondylosis
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stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae due to joint degeneration
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Sprain
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injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture
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Subluxation
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a partial dislocation
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Tendinitis, Tendonitis
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inflammation of a tendon
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Electromyogram (EMG)
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a neurodiagnostic graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle at rest and during contraction to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders (muscular dystrophy); usually performed by a neurologist
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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a nonionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves; to visualize anatomical structure- useful in orthopedics to detect joint, tendon, and vertebral disk disorders
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Nuclear Medicine
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ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes
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Bone Scan
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radionuclide image of bone tissue to detect tumor malignancy, ect.
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Radiography (x-ray)
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x-ray imaging, an ionizing technique commonly used i orthopedics to visualize the extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, joints, ect.
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Arthrogram
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an x-ray of a joint taken after injection of a contrast medium
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diskogram
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an x-ray of an intervertebral disk after injection of a contrast medium
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Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
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an x-ray scan that measures bone mineral density of the spine and extremities to diagnose osteoporosis, determine fracture risk, and monitor treatment; classifications are based on T-scores
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Computed Tomography (CT), Computed Axial Tomography (CAT)
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a specialized x-ray procedures producing a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into a 2 dimensional or 3 dimensional image
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Sonography
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ultra sound imaging; a nonionizing technique useful in orthopedics to visualize muscles, ligaments, displacements, and dislocations or to guide a therapeutic intervention such as that performed during arthroscopy
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Amputation
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partial or complete removal of a limb; AKA (above knee amputation) or BKA (below knee amputation)
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Arthrocentesis
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puncture for aspiration of a joint
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Arthrodesis
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binding or fusing of joint surfaces
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Arthroplasty
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repair or reconstruction of a joint
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Arthroscopy
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procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within
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Bone Grafting
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transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect
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Bursectomy
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excision of a bursa
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Myoplasty
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repair of muscle
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Open Reduction, internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture
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internal surgical repair of a fracture by bringing bones back into alignment and fixing them into place, often utilizing plates, screws, pins, ect.
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Osteoplasty
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repair of bone
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Osteotomy
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an incision into bone
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spondylosydesis
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spinal fusion
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Tenotomy
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division by incision of a tendon to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle
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Closed Reduction, external fixation of a fracture
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external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing
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Casting
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use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing
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Splinting
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use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part; provides less support than a cast, but can be adjusted easier to accommodate for swelling from an injury
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Traction (Tx)
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application of a pulling force to a fractured bone or dislocated joint to maintain proper position during healing
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Closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture
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external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position- often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing
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Orthosis
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use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone's position or provide limb support
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Physical Therapy (PT)
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treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury, involving many different modalities (methods), such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultrasound
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Prosthesis
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an artificial replacement for a diseased or missing body part such as a hip, joint, or limb
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Analgesic
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A drug that relieves pain
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Narcotic
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a potent analgesic that has addictive properties
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Anti-inflammatory
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a drug that reduces inflammation
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Antipyretic
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a drug that relieves fever
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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
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a group of drugs with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties (e.g., ibuprofen, aspirin) commonly used to treat arthritis
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