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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
with increasing age, body water |
decreases |
|
fat cells contain (more/less) water than other cells |
less |
|
females have (higher/lower) body water percentage than males |
lower |
|
an obese person has a (higher/lower) percentage of body water than a thin person |
lower |
|
examples of electrolytes |
magnesium, phosphate, sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium |
|
these conditions have great potential for altering fluid balance |
burns, ulcerative colitis, vomiting, kidney disease, diarrhea, and congestive heart failure |
|
what are locations where skin turgor is best measured? |
sternum, inner aspects of thighs, sternum |
|
what are common parts of the body against which skin is pressed to test for edema? |
tibia, fibula, sternum, sacrum |
|
which are related to fluid volume excess (hypervolemia)? |
dilute urine, decreased urination, stimulates aldosterone |
|
stimulates ADH release |
increased plasma osmolality |
|
inhibits ADH release |
decreased plasma osmolality |
|
stimulates aldosterone release |
hyperkalemia |
|
inhibits aldosterone release |
hyponatremia |
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which are vital sign changes (assessment) are related to fluid volume deficit? |
fall in systolic blood pressure >20 mmHg from lying to standing, fever, increased pulse rate |
|
what respiratory changes occur with metabolic alkalosis? |
slow, shallow respirations and intermittent apnea |
|
with metabolic alkalosis, cause: vomiting, HCO-3 rentention, diarrhea, renal insufficiency |
pH rises, HCO-3 rises, Paco2 normal |
|
with metabolic acidosis, cause: vomiting, HCO-3 retention, volume depletion, K+ depletion |
pH falls, HCO-3 falls, Paco2 normal |
|
with respiratory alkalosis, cause: hyperventilation |
pH rises, HCO-3 falls, Paco2 falls |
|
the major electrolytes in extracellular fluid are |
sodium and chloride |
|
examples of anions |
chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate |
|
the concentration of electrolytes in a solution or body fluid compartment is measured in |
millilitres (ml) |
|
in what type of environment does water loss via the skin and lungs increase? |
hot, dry environment |
|
because the retention of sodium causes wter retention, aldosterone acts as a regulator of |
blood volume |
|
one way the body tries to compensate for fluid volume deficits is to |
increase heart rate |
|
ADH is decreased in response to |
fluid volume excess |
|
the body tries to compensate for fluid volume excess by |
inhibiting aldosterone |
|
which electrlytes cause a majority of health problems when there is an electrolyte imbalance? |
potassium, sodium |
|
when the body goes without fluid intake, which hormone increases water reabsorption? |
ADH |
|
which disturbances are a result of low levels of serum potassium? |
neuromuscular function, cardiac function |
|
which drugs can cause hypokalemia? |
anticholinergics, diuretics, corticosteroids |
|
if more calcium is needed in the bones, it is taken from the blood as well as being reabsorbed through the |
kidneys |
|
one liter of fluid retention equals weight gain of |
2.2 pounds |
|
puffy eyelids and fuller cheeks suggest |
fluid volume excess |
|
if a depression remains in the tissue after pressure is applied with a fingertip, the edema is descried as |
pitting |
|
a deep persistent pit that is approximately 1 inch deep is described as |
4+ |
|
if the veins take longer than 3 to 5 seconds to fill when placed in a dependent position, the patient may have |
hypovolemia |
|
weakness and muscle cramps are symptoms of |
hypokalemia |
|
the normal range for urine pH is |
4.6-8.0 |
|
a urine specimen that is not tested within 4 hours of collection may become |
alkaline |
|
a measure of the kidneys' ability to dilute or concentrate urine is called |
specific gravity |
|
in most instances, normal urine specific gravity is between |
1.010 and 1.025 |
|
a 24-hour urine specimen is required for: |
creatinine clearance |
|
BUN provides a measure of |
renal function |
|
what are some symptoms of hyponatremia |
confusion, orthostatic hypotension, headache, apathy |
|
what amount of fluid per day is needed by the average person for adequate hydration? |
1500-2000 ml/day |
|
to prevent hyponatremia in patients with feeding tubes, what should be used for irrigation? |
normal saline |
|
the heart rate of patients on digitalis should be closely watched because hypokalemia can contribute to |
digitalis toxicity |
|
in order to prevent gastrointestinal irrigation, oral potassium supplements should be given with |
a full glass of water or fruit juice |
|
what occurs when the respiratory system fails to eliminate the appropriate amount of carbon dixoide to maintain the normal acid-base balance |
respiratory acidosis |
|
the most common cause of respiratory alkalosis is |
hyperventilation |
|
patients may develop high levels of magnesium in their blood if they are taking |
antacids |
|
which patient should be encouraged to breathe slowly into a paper bag |
patient who is hyperventilating |
|
what occurs when the body retains too much hydrogen ions or loses too many bicarbontae ions |
metabolic acidosis |
|
potassium is a critical factor for the transmission of nerve impulses because it is necessary for |
membrane excitability |
|
in addition to its role in regulating fluid balance, sodium is also necessary for |
nerve impulse conduction |
|
the most common cause of hypocalcemia is related to problems with which hormone? |
PTH |
|
what is the normal total daily intake of fluids? |
2500 ml |
|
what is the best position for the patient who is experiencing dyspnea? |
elevate the head of the bed 30 degrees |
|
a bounding pulse occurs in patients with |
circulatory overload |
|
what is the patient at risk for when the total intake is substantially less than the total output? |
fluid volume deficit |
|
what is the normal hourly adult urine output |
40-80 ml/hour |
|
a rapid weight gain of 8% is considered to be |
severe |
|
if the patient has a rapid weight loss fo 2 kilograms, what is the equivaletn loss of fluid |
2 liters |
|
which electrolytes are present in greater amounts in the extracellular fluid (ECF) than in the intracellular fluid (ICF)? |
sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), bicarbonate (HCO3), calcium (Ca++) |
|
what factors arerelated to causes of hypovolemia |
decreased oral fluid intake, vomiting, diarrhea |
|
which are indicators of dehydration? |
hypotension, increased temperature, weight loss |
|
what are signs of fluid volume excess in a patient being treated for dehydration who receives excessive fluid replacement? |
increased pulse and dyspnea |
|
what are indicators of fluid volume excess? |
increased blood pressure, bounding pulse, irritability |
|
what is the treatment for fluid volume excess? |
restrict sodium intake and give diuretics |
|
which are nursing interventions for the patient with fluid volume excess? |
offer ice chips, use small fluid containers, turn every 2 hours, inspect skin for breakdown |
|
a patient has been admitted to a long-term care facility with fluid volume deficit. which nursing diagnoses would the nurse expect with this patient? |
acute confusion, risk for impaired skin integrity and constipation |
|
which aspects of the health and physical exam are important in determining the fluid and electrolyte status of a patient? |
vomiting, use of diuretics, dyspnea and skin turgor |
|
which foods are high in sodium? |
natural cheese, sausage, and pizza |
|
which foods are high in potassium? |
fresh apricots, broccoli, banana, and watermelon |
|
which are manifestations of acid-base imbalance? |
dyspnea, confusion, muscle weakness, numbness |
|
which are reasons older people are at high risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalance? |
decreased renal response and decreased sense of thirst |
|
which assessment finding is the least reliable indicator of fluid status in an 80-year-old person? |
poor tissue turgor |
|
when the blood is more concentrated in a patient with fluid volume deficit, which blood study result is expected? |
increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and increased hematocrit |
|
when breathing problems occur in a patient with fluid volume excess, the patient should |
have head of ed elevated 30 degrees |
|
the patient with heart failure has fluid volume excess with pitting edema. what is the priority nursing intervention for this patient? |
turn the patient every 2 hours |
|
the nurse is taking care of a patient with hypokalemia. which are nursing interventions for this patient? |
monitor serum potassium levels, monitor heart rate and rhythms, and encourage oranges and bananas in the diet |
|
what is the best way to decrease the incidence of serious fluid and electrolyte imbalances? |
monitor records of fluid intake and output carefully |
|
a patient has fluid volume excess. which nursing diagnoses would the nurse expect with this patient? |
acute confusion r/t cerebral edema, ineffective tissue perfusion r/t reduced cardiac output with heart failure, and risk for impaired skin integrity r/t edema |
|
with respiratory acidosis, cause: hypoventilation |
pH falls, HCO3 normal, PaCO2 rises |