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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is ventilation? |
Air moving in and out of the lungs |
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What is respiration? |
Exchange of O2 and CO2 |
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What are the 2 compnents of respiration and what are they involved in? |
External respiration - Alveoli and blood Internal respiration - Blood and tissue |
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What is the range of normal value for intrapleural pressure Ppl? |
5cmH2O expiration 10cmH2O inspiration |
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What is the range of normal compliance for spontaneously breathing patients? |
50-170ml/cmH2O |
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What is the range of compliance in intubated patients? |
40-50ml/cmH2O men 35-45ml/cmH2O women Both up to 100cmH2O |
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Calculate the pressure needed to overcome airway resistance during positive pressure ventilation when the proximal airway pressure(Paw) is 25cmH2O and the alveolar pressure (PA) is 5cmH2O? |
25 - 5 = 20cmH2O |
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Define elastance |
Tendency of a structure to return to its original form |
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Define compliance |
Measuring the change in volume that occurs when pressure is applied C = change V / change P |
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Equation of static compliance |
Cstat = (exhaled VT) / (Pplat - PEEP) |
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Which of the following are associated with increased compliance: ARDS Fibrosis Emphysema/COPD Kyphoscoliosis |
Emphysema/COPD |
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Define resistance and its equation |
Measurement of frictional forces that must be overcome during breathing Raw = (PIP - Pplat) / flow in cmH2O/(L/sec) |
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If Pplat remains constant, but PIP increases, then this has to do with... |
Obstruction issues |
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If Pplat and PIP increase, but the pressure gradient remains consistent, then this has to do with.... |
Restrictive issues |
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If Pplat and PIP increase, and the gradient between the two pressures increases, then this has to do with... |
Obstructive and restrictive issues |
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How is plateau pressure delivered? |
Using and inspiratory pause of 0.5-1.5 seconds |
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List the conditions that are associated with increased airway resistance: |
Gas viscosity Gas density Length and diameter of tube Flow rate of gas Diameter or airway lumen Bronchospasm Secretions Mucosal edema Kinks in ET Tube |
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Dynamic compliance calculation |
Cdyn = (change in volume) / (PIP - PEEP) |
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What is a time constant and its equation |
Amount of time needed to inflate a lung region to 63% of capacity TC = compliance x Raw |
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What combination of compliance and resistance will cause the lungs to fill the fastest? Empty the slowest? |
Fill Fastest = High compliance, low resistance Empty slowest = Low compliance, high resistance |
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What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic PEEP? |
Intrinsic = AKA AutoPEEP, pressure of air trapped in the lungs during positive pressure ventilation Extrinsic = PEEP applied by the operator |
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Positive pressure ventilator |
Gas flows because the ventilator generates a positive pressure at the airway opening |
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Negative pressure ventilator |
Ventilator creates a negative pressure at the body surface that is transmitted to the pleural space and then to the alveoli |
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User interface |
AKA Control panel Dials, knobs, controls, and touch screen devices used by the ventilator operator tp determine how the ventilator will function |
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Control system |
The internal components of a ventilator that interpret what the operator sets on the control panel |
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Single circuit |
Uses pistons, most ICU ventilators today |
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Double circuit |
Uses compressors and bellows |
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Closed loop |
Intelligent systems, responds to changes in the patients condition |
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Open loop |
Not micro processed controlled, ventilator can't adjust for leakage |
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Pneumatic circuit |
Series of tubes that allows gas to flow inside the ventilator and between the ventilator and the patient |
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1. PIP, Ppeak, Paw 2. PTA (trans airway pressure) 3. Pplat 4. PEEP
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