Mech 481

Front 1

What is a biomaterial?

Back 1

Any material intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, augment, or replace any tissue, organ, or function within the body

Front 2

What is Biomaterials Science?

Back 2

The study of biomaterials and their interactions with the biological environment

Front 3

What is Tissue Engineering?

Back 3

The use of a combination of cells, engineering materials, and suitable biochemical factors to improve or replace biological functions.

Front 4

A biomaterial, device or construct is said to be biocompatible if, when brought into direct contact with living tissue, it does not:

Back 4

– cause harmful tissue reaction (pain, swelling or necrosis) that could compromise function

– causing a systemic toxic reaction

– have tumorigenic potential.

Front 5

What Do First Generation Biomaterials All Share in Common?

Back 5

They were not originally engineered for biomaterials applications

Front 6

Electropositive

Back 6

atoms that have one or two more atoms than are needed for a full valance shell - tend to be donors (become positively charged when full)

Front 7

Electronegative

Back 7

atoms that need one or two more atoms for a full valance shell - tend to be acceptors (become negatively charged when full)

Front 8

What is an Inorganic compound?

Back 8

Compounds from an inanimate, non-biological origin

Front 9

What is an Organic Compound?

Back 9

Compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.

Front 10

What is an inert biomaterial?

Back 10

In the case of biomaterials, it means that when something is implanted into the body – the body does not respond via the immune response

Front 11

What is a bioactive material?

Back 11

the implanted materials works in combination with the existing tissue to trigger the desired response (healing or tissue regeneration)

Front 12

Name the 4 main classes of Biomaterials

Back 12

Ceramics, Metals, Polymers, composites

Front 13

Which of the following is not an advantage of Ceramics?

A) High Tensile Strength

B) Inert or Bioactive in Body

C) High Wear Resistance

D) High Stiffness and Compressive Strength

Back 13

A) High tensile strength

Ceramics have a low tensile strength, are brittle and exhibit low fatigue strength.

Front 14

What are ceramics?

Back 14

Inorganic compounds that contain metallic and non -metallic elements, for which inter -atomic bonding is ionic or covalent, and which are generally formed at high temperatures.

Front 15

True or False a Schottky Defect is characterized by a vacancy caused by an interstitial pair.

Back 15

False. A Frenkel defect is characterized by a vacancy caused by an interstitial pair. A Schottky defect is caused by a vacancy of both the cation and anion.

Front 16

This class of biomaterials exhibits a closely packed crystal structure.

Back 16

Metals

Front 17

What do all first generation biomaterials have in common?

A) They all promote cell growth and adhesion.

B) They induce blood clotting.

C) They were all of high tensile strength.

D) They were not originally designed to be in contact with living systems.

Back 17

D

Front 18

Which one of the following properties is NOT desirable for a biomaterial?

A) Possesses a hard inflexible structure

B) Can be sterilized

C) Possesses non-thrombogenic properties

D) Can be degraded by cells

Back 18

A or D

Front 19

Which of the following statement is true about a ceramic based biomaterial?

A) Possesses a random, amorphous structure

B) Contains inorganic elements

C) Consists of carbon based chains

D) Has a lower melting temperature

Back 19

B

Front 20

When did the medical device (and accordingly) the biomaterials industry begin to be regulated through the Food and Drug Administration and other organizations?

A) 1850s

B) 1890s

C) 1920s

D) 1970s

Back 20

D

Front 21

Covalent bonds are defined as

A) A bond formed through an electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions B) A bond formed through the sharing of "free" electrons among a lattice of positively charged ions

C) A bond formed through sharing a pair of electrons between atoms

D) A bond formed through joining together 2 amino acids

Back 21

C

Front 22

Which of the following is NOT a properties of a thermoset?

A) Excellent heat resistance

B) Can be reprocessed

C) Does not dissolve in water

D) Maintains a rigid structure after cross-linking

Back 22

B

Front 23

In this type of reaction, multiple reaction products are possible.

A) Condensation polymerization

B) Addition polymerization

C) Step growth polymerization

D) Chain growth polymerization

Back 23

C

Front 24

What type of biomolecule is celluose?

A) Polypeptide

B) Polynucleic acid

C) Lipid

D) Polysaccharide

Back 24

D

Front 25

The presence of a disulfide bond in a protein would be classified as what level of protein structure:

A) Primary

B) Secondary

C) Tertiary

D) Quaternary

Back 25

C

Front 26

What organelle produces energy inside of the cell?

A) Mitochondrion

B) Nucleus

C) Vacoule

D) Ribosome

Back 26

A

Front 27

Which of the following terms refers to cell death by extrinsic means?

A) Apoptosis

B) Hypertrophy

C) Necrosis

D) Metaplasia

Back 27

C

Front 28

Which of the following events does NOT occur during hemostasis?

A) fibrin mesh formation

B) foreign body giant cell formation

C) platelet plug formation

D) vascular constriction of blood vessels

Back 28

B

Front 29

Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with activated platelets?

A) round morphology

B) secretion of growth factors

C) expression of Von Wilenbrand factor

D) ADP production

Back 29

A

Front 30

What are the first cells to arrive at an injury site?

A) macrophages

B) eosinophils

C) basophils

D) neurotrophils

Back 30

D

Front 31

Which of the following components plays an essential role in all three of the complement pathways?

A) lectins

B) C1

C) C3

D) Factor D

Back 31

C

Front 32

Which of the following describes the total weight of all the polymer molecules in a sample, divided by the total number of polymer molecules in a sample?

A) Viscosity Average Molecular Weight

B) Polydispersity

C) Number Average Molecular Weight

D) Weight Average Molecular Weight

Back 32

C

Front 33

Which of the following components is necessary when analyzing the surface properties of a material using surface plasmon resonance?

A) a vacuum

B) a metal dielectric interface

C) carbon coating

D) a cantilever tip

Back 33

B

Front 34

Which one of the following statements is NOT true about biofilms?

A) They often are found on implanted medical devices, impairing function.

B) They consist of aggregates of microorganisms. C) They secrete a polymeric extracellular matrix. D) They are easily treatable through administration of oral antibiotics.

Back 34

D

Front 35

Which of the following statements is true about sterilization of medical devices with ethylene oxide?

A) Ethylene oxide is a non-toxic gas.

B) Sterilization with ethylene oxide gas involves high temperatures and pressures.

C) Ethylene oxide is often used to sterilize disposable plastics for medical applications.

D) Ethylene oxide facilities are inexpensive.

Back 35

C

Front 36

Which of the following is NOT a strategy for minimizing the risk of infection when implanting a medical device?

A) Injecting additional immune cells into the body before surgery.

B) Minimizing the potential for proteins to bind to the device through novel surface coatings.

C) Coating the device with drugs that kill bacteria.

D) Minimizing the possibility for device contamination by manufacturing in a clean room.

Back 36

A

Front 37

Which of the following is not a property of a biomaterial?

A) Can occur naturally or be made synthetically B) Comes into contact with biological systems

C) Can potentially be used to store biological fluids

D) Has an adverse effects on a living organism

Back 37

D

Front 38

Which type of RNA would be connected to an amino acid to be used during protein synthesis?

A) messenger RNA (mRNA)

B) transfer RNA (tRNA)

C) ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

D) small interfering RNA (siRNA)

Back 38

B

Front 39

Ionic bonds are defined as

A) A bond formed through an electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions B) A bond formed through the sharing of "free" electrons among a lattice of positively charged ions

C) A bond formed through sharing a pair of electrons between atoms

D) A bond formed through joining together 2 amino acids

Back 39

A

Front 40

Which of the following biological monomers would you expect to find in a protein?

A) Uracil

B) Cholesterol

C) Alanine

D) Cellulose

Back 40

C

Front 41

The nucleus of the cell acts as

A) The command centre for a cell by containing all the genetic information

B) An energy production facility through oxidative phosphorylation

C) A storage space for biological molecules

D) The site of protein folding

Back 41

A

Front 42

Metaplasia is

A) An increase in cell size

B) A decrease in cell size

C) Cell suicide

D) Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another differentiated cell type

Back 42

D

Front 43

A bone implant that consists of titanium core with a hydroxyapatite coating would be classified as a

A) Polymer

B) Composite

C) Metal

D) Ceramic

Back 43

B

Front 44

Which of the following pathways is not associated with complement activation?

A) Classical

B) Coagulation

C) Alternative

D) Lectin-based

Back 44

B

Front 45

Which of the following is not a property of thermosets?

A) Can be easily reprocessed

B) High melting temperature

C) Rigid

D) Formed via the process of cross-linking

Back 45

A

Front 46

Which of the following terms is defined as the average number of citations for each journal article published in that specific journal?

A) H-index

B) Impact factor

C) Web of Knowledge

D) Review

Back 46

B

Front 47

Which type of immune cell is the last to form at an injury site?

A) Macrophage

B) Neutrophil

C) Basophil

D) Foreign body giant cell

Back 47

D

Front 48

Which of the following terms refers to the growth of new blood vessels?

A) Complement activation

B) Angiogenesis

C) Hemostasis

D) Coagulation

Back 48

B

Front 49

In class, we discuss the surface tension, which was represented by γ (gamma). How does this parameter related to the work of adhesion?

A) γ = Work of adhesion*Amount of new area created

B) γ = Work of adhesion/Amount of new area created

C) γ = Amount of new area created/ Work of adhesion

D) γ = Amount of new area created + Work of adhesion

Back 49

B

Front 50

Which of the following interactions would occur between 2 non-polar molecules?

A) Ionic bonding

B) Van de Waals interactions

C) Dipole-dipole forces

D) Hydrogen bonding

Back 50

B

Front 51

A complex structure that consists of aggregates of microorganisms, such as bacteria, that adhere to the surface of a medical device would be considered:

A) Biofilm

B) Nosocomial infections

C) Extracellular polymeric substance

D) Complement cascade

Back 51

A

Front 52

Clean rooms are defined by the following characteristic:

A) The amount of antibiotics present

B) The concentration of bacteria on the surfaces of the room

C) The number of particles produced per minute D) The quality of the air in the room

Back 52

C

Front 53

Which of the following methods would you use to sterilize an enzyme based solution?

A) Ethylene oxide sterilization

B) Autoclave sterilization

C) Radiation sterilization

D) Filtration sterilization

Back 53

D?

Front 54

A reservoir based drug delivery system has the following property:

A) Releases drugs directly in response to cell behavior

B) Has zero order release kinetics

C) Has first order release kinetics

D) Poses no danger of “drug dumping”

Back 54

B

Front 55

What is a polymer?

Back 55

Polymers are organic , materials posseing long chains that are held together by directional covalent bonds. Can be naturally or synthetically derived.

Front 56

What is a composite?

Back 56

A biomaterial formed by the combination of any of the other three classes of biomaterials in order to achieve desired properties.

Front 57

What is a Thermoset?

Back 57

A thermoset is a polymer which becomes permanently hard when hered to a high temperature and does not subsequently soften. Examples: vulcanized rubbers, epoxies and resins

Front 58

What is a thermoplastic polymer?

Back 58

Thermoplastics soften when heated and harden when cooled. Most lineaar polymers are thermoplastic.

Front 59

What is an elastomer?

Back 59

An elastomer is a polymer which exhibits both viscosity and elasticity (viscoelasticity), and very weak intermolecular forces, low youngs modulus and high failure strain.

Front 60

What is the difference between an unsaturated and saturated fat?

Back 60

in saturated fats all carbons are attached to hydrogen atoms (no carbon double bonds)

Front 61

Name the type of polymeriztion reaction:

A whole molecule is incorporated into the polymer

Back 61

Addition reaction

Front 62

Name the type of polymerization reaction:

PArt of the monomer molecule is kicked out when it becomes part of the polymer.

Back 62

Condensation reaction. (ehydration synthesis if molecule is water)

Front 63

Name the type of polymerization reaction:

Monomers become part of the polymer one at a time.

Back 63

Chain growth reaction

Front 64

Name the type of polymerization reaction:

Many different products are possible

Back 64

Step growth reaction

Front 65

The total weight of all the polymer molecules in a sample divided by the total number of polymer molecules in a sample is defined as the what?

Back 65

Number average molecular weight or Mn

Front 66

What is the formula for percent crystalinity?

Back 66

ps(ps-pa)/(ps(pc-pa))

ps-sample density
pa-amorphous density
pc-crystalline density

Front 67

If the slope of stress-strain plot of a material is linear what kind of deformation does it undergo?

Back 67

elastic

Front 68

What is an interface?

Back 68

The boundary region between two adjacent bulk faces

Front 69

What is a surface?

Back 69

The interface between a solid/gas, solid/liquid, liquid vapor

Front 70

You place a drop of a high surface energy liquid onto a solid and the liquid exhibits limited wetting. The surface energy of the solid is:

A) High
B) Low
C) Not enough information provided
D) Solids do not have surface energy

Back 70

B. A surface with low surface energy will result in a higher contact angle (degree of wetting) when in contact with a high surface energy liquid

Front 71

Briefly describe the process of surface plasmon resonance (SPR)?

Back 71

NEED DEFINITION

Front 72

Which of the following is not a polysaccharide?

A) Chitin
B) Cellulose
C) Fructose
D) A, B, and C are all polysaccharides

Back 72

C. Fructose is a monosaccharide

Front 73

To which category of biomolecules does this monomer belong?

Back 73

Carbohydrates. The monomer shown is Fructose which is a monosaccharide as characterized by its carbon backbone being bound to all hydroxl groups and one carbonyl group.

Front 74

This general structure is characteristic of what monomer?

Back 74

Amino acids

Front 75

Which portion of this image distinguishes the amino acid?

Back 75

The radical (R) group

Front 76

If two of these monomers bonded together what kind of bond would be formed? Where would this bonding occur?

Back 76

Covalent bond between the amino terminus (blue H) and the carboxy terminus (Red O)

Front 77

What kind of reaction is taking place in the image? What type of polymer is being formed?

Back 77

Condensation reaction or more specifically dehydration synthesis reaction to form a polypeptide.

Front 78

What kind of monomer would make up the exoskeleton of these crustaceans?

Back 78

monosaccarides to form chitin

Front 79

Is this amino acid polar or non-polar?

Back 79

Non-polar.

Front 80

Is this amino acid polar or non-polar?

Back 80

polar

Front 81

The protein structure shown here would be classified as:

A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Tertiary
D) This is not a protein structure

Back 81

B

Front 82

Which of th following is NOT a component of a nucleic acid mononmer?

A) Nitrogenous base
B) Phosphate Group
C) Carbonyl Group
D) Sugar

Back 82

C

Front 83

This base is found in what class of biomolecules?

A) Monosaccharides
B) DNA
C) RNA
D) Proteins

Back 83

C

Front 84

Which type of biomolecule would be formed when this two molecule is combined with a phosphate group and Uracil ?

A) DNA
B) tRNA
C) mRNA
D) RNA
E) None of the above

Back 84

E. Deoxyribose is a component of only DNA and Uracil is a component of only RNA. These molecules would not combine in nature to create a nucleic acid.

Front 85

Describe the process of protein synthesis with in the human body.

Back 85

Front 86

Which of the following is not a lipid ?

A) Vitamin A
B) Vitamin C
C) Sterols
D) Vitamin K

Back 86

B. Vitamin C is water soluble not fat soluble and is therefor not a lipid

Front 87

This lipid makes up double walled cell membranes due to its polar (hydrophyllic) head and non-polar (hydrophobic) tails.

Back 87

phospholipid

Front 88

This organelle is responsible for DNA maintenance, controlling the activity of cells, and RNA transcription.

Back 88

Nucleus

Front 89

This organelle is responsible for the folding and translation of new proteins.

Back 89

Endoplasmic reticulum

Front 90

This organelle is responsible for the sorting and packaging of proteins.

Back 90

Golgi apparatus

Front 91

This organelle is responsible for energy production from the oxidation of food sources and the production of ATP.

Back 91

Mitochondria

Front 92

This organelle stores molecules and helps maintain homeostasis

Back 92

Vacuole

Front 93

Which of the following is not a type of tissue?
A) Eithelial
B) Connective
C) Muscular
D) Nervous
E) These are all types of tissues

Back 93

E

Front 94

What is the correct sequence of events after device implantation?
A) Chronic Inflammation, Acute Inflammation, Granulation Tissue, FB reaction, fibrous encapsulation
B) FB Reaction, fibrous encapsulation, Chronic Inflammation, Acute Inflammation, Granulation Tissue
C) Acute inflammation, granulation tissue, FB reaction, Chronic Inflammation, Fibrous encapsulation
D) Acute Inflammation, Chronic Inflammation, Granulation Tissue, FB reaction, fibrous encapsulation

Back 94

D

Front 95

The process of blood clotting and the subsequet dissolution of the clot to repair injured or damaged tissue is referred to as:

A) Homeostasis
B) Hemostasis
C) Thrombosis
D) Angiogenesis

Back 95

B