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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name some Poultry Class breeds
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American
Asiatic English Mediterranean |
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Cornish Game Hen factors for slaughter
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5 to 6 weeks old
less than 2 lbs |
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Broiler or Fryer factors for slaughter
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less than 13 weeks old, but most are 6 1/2 to 7 1/2 weeks old
2 1/2 to 3 1/2 lbs |
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Roaster factors for slaughter
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3 to 5 months old
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Capon factors for slaughter
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Castrated Male
Less than 8 months old |
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Hen Fowl or Baking for slaughter
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Mature Female
greater than 10 months old |
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What are the factors for Poultry Grading?
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Condition (wholesomeness)
Class (by sex and age) Quality (desirability of carcass; how many dressing defects, amount of meat, thickness of muscling, color of skin) |
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What is something that they look for in chicken when grading that they dont look for in other species?
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Broken bones in wings and legs
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What do they look at when grading eggs?
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Interior Quality
Exterior Quality Weight |
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What do they look for when grading the interior quality of eggs?
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White and yolk
Size of the air cell |
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What do they look for when grading the exterior quality of eggs?
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Cleanliness of shell
Soundness of shell |
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What are the grades of eggs?
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AA
A B inedible or loss |
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What are the egg sizes?
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Jumbo 30 oz
Extra Large Large Medium Small Peewee 15 oz |
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What is the most widely consumed meat?
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Pork and accounts for 40% of the world's meat consumption
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What animal is being slaughtered the most?
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Hogs
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What are the top states for cattle slaughter?
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Nebraska
Kansas Texas |
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What are the top states for Hog slaughter?
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Iowa
North Carolina Minnesota |
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What are the top states for Chicken slaughter?
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Georgia
Arkansas Alabama |
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What are the top states for Turkey slaughter?
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Minnesota
North Carolina Arkansas |
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For Broiler production in the U.S, what rank is Oklahoma?
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11th
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What are the top 3 Chicken industries on the market?
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Pilgrims Pride
Other Tyson Foods |
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What is the ideal flesh condition of feeder cattle?
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light medium
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What term is given to feeder cattle of predominantly English breed type?
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Okies
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What breed type would be called a "Featherneck" or "Whiteface?"
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Hereford
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Which muscling score of feeder cattle is the thickest?
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1
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What is the top reason for selling cows?
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Old age
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Which body condition score is the most ideal for cattle?
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(In the middle) 4, 5, 6 range
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What was the first and most well known USDA Certified Program?
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Certified Angus Beef
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What was the most effective instrument to predict cutability of live animals?
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Ultrasound
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What is a negative of beef instrument grading?
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Cant estimate maturity
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What was the first instrument that used to measure cutability to determine value in pork?
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Fat-O-Meter
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How many hogs are slaughtered in U.S. each year?
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Over 100 million
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What is the number one importer of US pork on a value basis?
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Japan
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What is the avg dressing percentage of hogs?
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75%
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What fat thickness measurement is used to calculate US grade?
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Last rib
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Which of the following is NOT used to calculate fat free lean?
A. loin eye area B. hot carcass weight C. 10th rib fat thickness D. first rib back fat |
First rib
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What are the top 5 swine producing countries?
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China 52.5 million tons
European Union United States Brazil Russia |
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Where does the U.S. rank in terms of swine production?
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2nd
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What are the top 6 swine producing states?
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Iowa
North Carolina Minnesota Illinois IndianaNebraska |
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Where is oklahoma with swine production?
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Ranked 8th
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Many hog farms are becoming ___________ ___________.
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Vertically integrated
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What does it mean to be vertically integrated?
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The owner owns all phases of production
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Describe the geographic shift in hog production
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Sows are leaving the corn states
Hogs went to N.C. because N.C. developed a better system Hogs are moving west to get away from rain and people |
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Name a few ways the trends are changing in the U.S. swine industry.
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Fewer and bigger hog farms
Specialization Integration of production and packing |
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What are the top 3 US Hog Farms?
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Smithfield Foods
Conti Group Seaboard Farms |
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What is the estimated daily slaughter # at Smithfield foods?
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A little over 80,000
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What are the pork production phases?
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Breeding/gestation
Farrowing Nursery Growing/Finishing |
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What does the farrowing process involve?
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process of the sow/gilt giving birth
farrowing stalls |
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What are all-in/all-out types of production?
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Completely empties a barn between groups of hogs that allows for cleaning, disinfection, and better disease control
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How do you categorize swine breeds?
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Colored: Paternal - muscle, growth traits, leanness
White: Maternal - milk, litter size, mothering ability |
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Hybrid Vigor (heterosis)
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occurs when the offspring are better than the average of their parents for a particular trait
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Approximately what percentage of hogs marketed annually in the U.S. are crossbred?
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95%
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Rotational Crossbreeding System
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use either three breeds rotated in order or two breeds in a criss-cross manner
-maintain 86% heterosis in offspring and sows -most common crossbreeding system |
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Terminal Crossbreeding system
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differs from a rotational in that all offspring from the terminal mating are marketed and no replacements are kept
Two types: 1) Two breeds 2) Two breed X-bred mated to boar of third breed -Maintain 100% heterosis in both the sows and market animals |
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Rotaterminal System
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Combines the rotational and terminal breeding systems. Top females are selected and used in a rotational cross that produces replacement gilts. Maternal breed purebred boards are used in this rotation. The replacement gilts are then mated to terminal boars for market production.
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What are things unique of pork as a meat species?
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1. Highly susceptible to stress (metabolism)
2. Dressed/harvested (slaughtered) differently a. Monogastric digestive system (simple stomach) b. Skin on c. Feet on d. shortest gestation; litter size = largest |
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Characteristics of visual evaluation on hogs.
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-Subjective
-Less accurate than real-time ultra sound -Less expensive, more convenient -Still important for selection decisions -Still important for marketing decisions |
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What are the value determining traits in Hogs?
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Weight
Dressing % Leanness Muscle |
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Leanness characteristics for Hogs
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10th rib
Last rib fat thickness |
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Muscle characteristics for Hogs
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Loin muscle area
USDA muscle score |
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Average live weight for Hogs
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280 lbs
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Average DP for Hogs
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75%
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Affecting factors for DP of Hogs
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Fill, muscle, fat
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Average carcass weight for Hogs
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210 lbs
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Average length for Hogs
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31 inches
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How do Hogs get fat?
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top to bottom
front to rear gender effects - gilts are leaner than barrows |
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What is the shape of a hogs ass that is desirable?
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Upside down cup
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Lean hogs have an eye view shape of what?
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Hour glass shape
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Fat hogs have an eye view shape of what?
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Boat shape
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1. Jowl
2. Blades 3. Forerib 4. Elbow Pocket 5. Loin edge 6. Flank 7. Tail Head 8. Ham Seam |
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Describe Last Rib Fat Thickness in Hogs
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Used for calculation of USDA grade
Only measure of fat on the carcass used in the industry |
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Describe 10th rib fat thickness
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3/4 lengths of the eye muscle; corresponds with "loin edge"
Used to calculate % muscle Avg: 0.7 inches |
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1. Shoulder
2. Forearm 3. Loin (top) 4. Ham/stifle |
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What muscle does the LEA come from?
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Longissimus dorsi
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What is the average LEA?
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6.0 in. squared
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2 Factors of USDA carcass grading for hogs?
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1. Last rib back fat
2. muscle score |
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How do you determine the USDA grade for a hog carcass?
The formula |
(4 * LRBF) - MS
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As far as grading, what happens with thin muscled hogs?
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ineligible for USDA #1
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Thick = ?
Average = ? Thin = ? |
3
2 1 |
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Avg of three backfat measurements for Hogs:
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First Rib
Last Rib Last Lumbar Vertebrae |
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What is the formula to determine average back fat for hogs?
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ABF = (First Rib + Last Rib + Last Lumbar Vertebrae) / 3
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How do you find pounds fat free lean for hogs?
Formula |
55 + LEA - (12*10th rib fat depth)
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Give some beef grading fact
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Optional
Paid for by packers and processors Must be inspected 60% of all beef harvested is federally graded |
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Positive for USDA Grading
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Sorts carcasses based on relative palatability and cutability
Fast (over 400/hr) Non-invasive Relatively inexpensive |
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What is a negative for USDA Grading?
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Criticized for its "subjectivity" and human "fallibility"
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Name some beef grading instruments
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NMR, NIR, Ultrasound, VIA, CAT-Scan
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What are some instrument grading negatives?
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Cant determine skeletal maturity
Adjusted PYG (fat thickness) KPHOperator error |
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Live evaluation tools:
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Probes
Scales Ultrasound K^40 Counter Anesthetic CT-Scan MRI |
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Describe the Fat-O-Meter
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Backfat thickness and loin muscle thickness in mm and lean reflectance
The carcass lean meat percentage |
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Describe AutoFom
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Carcass Lean Meat Percentage
Fat Thickness The commercial value of each carcass Weight salable meat on specific commercial cuts |
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Describe UltraFom 300
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Backfat thickness and loin muscle thickness in mm
Carcass Lean meat percentage Ham Fat thickness |
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What is QUALITY?
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A product that conforms to a set of standards
A product that meets consumers wants and needs |
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What does it mean to say "calves are even?"
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this means less than 150 lbs variation in weight from light to heavy for yearling cattle; 100 lbs variation in calves
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What does it mean to "calves are uneven?"
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means weight variance in yearling cattle between 150 lbs & 200 lbs; 100 & 150 lbs for calves
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What does it mean to say "calves are VERY uneven?"
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means variance over 200 lbs for yearling cattle; over 100 lbs for calves
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For calves, what does it mean to say "short age?"
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Not used with yearling cattle, ONLY calves and those in excellent condition and still their mothers
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What does it mean to "Medium age?"
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Calf with an average home (not starved)
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What does it mean to say "Long age?"
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A calf that has had very poor growing conditions
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Flesh condition
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Do not try to sell this type; buy feed and improve their condition
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Flesh condition
For feeder cattle, what does it mean to say "Thin?" |
Lightly fleshed due to possible poor pasture conditions
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Flesh condition
For feeder cattle, what does it mean to say "light medium?" |
(slightly fleshy) - these are ideal feeder calves; strong and healthy with little fat
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Flesh condition
For feeder cattle, what does it mean to say "medium?" |
fleshy
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Flesh condition
For feeder cattle, what does it mean to say "heavy medium?" |
very fleshy
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What are the three condition scores for feeder cattle?
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Thin
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Define Okies (#1,2,,3)
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Predominantly English; possible cross with Dairy or Exotic
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Define Exotics (Exotic #1,2,3)
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Cross of at least 3/4 continental breeding
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Define Brahman crosses (Cross #1,2,3)
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1/8 to 3/4 Brahman
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Define Purebred or High Grade (Brangus #1, Hereford #2, Holesteins)
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Use breed name and classifications
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How are feeder calves and yearling evaluated?
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Frame Size
Muscle Score |
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Feeder cattle muscling #1
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Moderately thick throughout; showing a rounded appearance through the back and loin with moderate width between the legs
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Feeder Cattle muscling #2
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Slightly thick throughout; showing a rounded appearance through the back and loin with slight width between the legs
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Feeder Cattle muscling #3
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Thin through the forequarter and the middle parts of the round; back and loin have a sunken appearance; legs are set close together
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Feeder Cattle muscling #4
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Less thickness than the minimum required for #3
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Cull Cows bring in how much gross income for ranches?
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20%
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Non-fed cattle brings in what percentage of the US Beef Supply?
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20%
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What season during the year does culling occur?
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Fall
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What are the top reasons for culling cows?
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Old age (teeth)
Non-pregnancy status Economic status, drought, herd down-sizing poor production lameness, eyes, disposition |
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What are the two factors affecting price within season?
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Dressing %
Body Condition |
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How do you determine the DP?
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CW / LW * 100
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Factors affecting DP
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Fatness or Body Condition
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Packers who slaughter "cull cows" NEVER use official ________ _______.
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USDA grades
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For the body condition scoring system, what does #1 mean and what does #9 mean?
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#1 = Emaciated
#9 = Obese |
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Describe White Fat Market Cows
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Most cows culled are on pasture and/or hay
Yellow color to fat tissue Cows can be fed grain (corn, milo) for 60 days Produces carcass with white fat (more desirableappearance) Only certain packing plants (direct sale) |
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Which breed of swine is characterized by erect ears and black with a white belt?
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Hampshire
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Which breed of swine is solid red in color?
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Duroc
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What is the usual gestation length of sows?
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3 months 3 weeks 3 days
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How are piglets identified for pig # and litter?
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Ear notches
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what is the primary product made from pork bellies?
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Bacon
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What is the typical weight of market barrows and gilts?
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230 lbs
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Which of the following is not one of the four lean cuts of a pork carcass?
A. Ham B. Loin C. Belly D. Picnic shoulder |
C. Belly
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Which of the following is not a factor used to determine fat free lean of pork carcasses?
A. HCW B. LEA C. 10th rib fat thickness D. Last rib fat thickness |
D. last rib fat thickness
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What instrument was first used to measure lean percentage of pork carcasses and still used in many packing plants today for value based pricing assessment?
|
Fat-O-Meter
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