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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Molecule that is recognized by cells of the immune system is called =
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antigen
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Antigens
Antigens may consist of soluble molecules & whole cells such as = |
proteins
polysaccharides nucleoproteins & bacteria protozoa tumor cells virus-infected cells |
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Antigens
The cells of the immune system do not recognize and react to the whole antigen molecule but instead react to = |
small molecular domains of the antigen known as =
2ct |
antigenic determinants
or epitopes. |
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Some epitopes (e.g.
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polysaccharides of bacterial walls
or lipids usually elicit a humoral response whereas proteins elicit both a cellular and humoral response. |
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An antibody is a =
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glycoprotein
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Antibodies belong to the *_______________ protein family.
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immunoglobulin (Ig)
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Antibody
two identical light chains two identical heavy chains bound by disulfide bonds and noncovalent forces |
NH2 end of the light and heavy chains bind the antigen.
Fc region may bind to surface receptors of several cell types. |
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info
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T cells Nm =
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Cytotoxic, or CD8+ T cells
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T cells
act against foreign cells or virus-infected cells by means of two main mechanisms. = |
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Release proteins called perforins that create holes in the cell membrane 2 By triggering mechanisms that induce programmed cell death, or apoptosis. |
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**CD4+ cells are ______________
restricted The cell is aka |
MHC 2
CD4+ T helper cells are white blood cells info + |
CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) is a glycoprotein found on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells
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CD8+ cells are ___________
restricted |
MHC 1
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Info
The first encounter of a CD4+ or CD8+ T cell with its specific epitope is followed by amplification of that clone; some of the cells of this increased population become effector cells and some remain memory helper or memory cytotoxic T cells, reacting rapidly to the next presentation of the same epitope. |
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___ is the most abundant class representing 80% of serum immunoglobulins.
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IgG
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___ is the only immunoglobulin that crosses the placental barrier
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IgG
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__ is the main immunoglobulin found in secretions, such as nasal, bronchial, intestinal, and prostatic, as well as in tears, colostrum, saliva, and vaginal fluid.
what type of antibody = |
IgA
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its Fc region attaches to the receptors present on the surfaces of mast cells and basophils
what type of antibody = |
IgE
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the antigen–antibody complex triggers the liberation of granules. (*** Allergic response-typical response =
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IgE
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__ is found on the plasma membranes of B lymphocytes.
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IgD
The properties and activities of IgD are not completely understood. Its concentration in blood plasma constitutes only 0.2% of the immunoglobulins. IgD is found on the plasma membranes of B lymphocytes. |
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Actions of Antibodies
What is the term of the description below: occurs because macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils have receptors for the Fc region of IgG on Antigen–antibody complexes and some antigens activate the complement system, a group of around 20 plasma proteins produced mainly in the liver and activated through a cascade of reactions. |
Opsonization
Info+ |
Some antibodies are able to agglutinate cells and to precipitate soluble antigens, thus neutralizing their harmful effects on the body.
Although phagocytosis of microorganisms and other particles occurs spontaneously, this event is greatly stimulated when they are covered by antibodies produced against them, a phenomenon called opsonization. |
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Where do compliment protiens come from =
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Made in the Liver.
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one of their main roles is to send signals to other types of immune cells, included CD8 killer cells. CD4 cells send the signal and CD8 cells destroy and kill the infection or virus.
info |
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