Md1 Embryology Block 3 Respiratory

Front 1

Anatomy of Respiratory system
Upper RS

Back 1

nasal cavities
nasopharynx

Front 2

Anatomy of Respiratory system
Lower RS
4ct

Back 2

larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs

Front 3

pharynx
3ct

Back 3

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Front 4

the larynx is found at what vertebral level?

Back 4

C3–C6
infants, C2–C3

Front 5

The laryngeal skeleton consists of nine cartilages:

Back 5

: three single
thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottic
three paired
arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform

Front 6

epiglottis is a flap of

Back 6

elastic cartilage


covered with a mucus membrane, attached to the root of the =

Hint 6

tongue

Front 7

The epiglottis guards the entrance of the glottis, the opening between

Back 7

vocal folds

Front 8

Trachea
There are about ___/___
incomplete C-shaped cartilaginous rings which reinforce the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea to protect and maintain the airway.

Back 8

15-20

Front 9

Info x2

The trachealis muscle connects the ends of the incomplete rings, and contracts during coughing, reducing the size of the lumen of the trachea to increase the air flow rate.

Back 9

The esophagus lies posteriorly to the trachea. The cartilaginous rings are incomplete to allow the trachea to collapse slightly so that food can pass down the esophagus.

Front 10

first sign of development
respiratory diverticulum
of the primitive foregut is during week __?

Back 10

wk 4

Front 11

The distal end of the respiratory diverticulum enlarges to form the =

Back 11

lung bud.

The lung bud divides into two bronchial buds that branch into the

Hint 11

main right and left primary bronchus.

Front 12

The respiratory diverticulum
become separated by indentations of *_________, becoming the =

Back 12

mesoderm

tracheoesophageal folds.

Front 13

the tracheoesophageal folds fuse in the midline to form the

Back 13

tracheoesophageal septum,

Front 14

The endoderm lining the groove (tracheoesophageal folds) gives rise to the epithelium and glands of the = 4ct

Back 14

larynx
trachea
bronchi
pulmonary epithelium

Connective tissue, cartilage and smooth muscle of these structures develop from the =

Hint 14

the splanchnic mesenchym
mesoderm

Front 15

BMP-4
Hox-complex, FGF-10
N-myc

Back 15

bone morphogenetic protein
fibroblast growth factor
proto-oncogene

Front 16

bone morphogenetic protein
fibroblast growth factor
proto-oncogene

Back 16

BMP-4
Hox-complex, FGF-10
N-myc

Front 17

laryngeal epithelium and glands are derived from

Back 17

endoderm

Front 18

laryngeal muscles are derived from

Back 18

mesoderm

Front 19

laryngeal cartilages
thyroid
cricoid
arytenoid
corniculate
cuneiform

are derived from =

Back 19

mesoderm

What Arches =

Hint 19

pharyngeal arches 4 and 6.

Front 20

The laryngeal epithelium proliferates rapidly, resulting in =

Back 20

temporary occlusion of the laryngeal lumen.

Recanalization of the larynx normally occurs by the =

Hint 20

tenth week

Front 21

Recanalization of the larynx of the laryngeal lumen.,normally occurs by the =

Back 21

tenth week

Front 22

Vocal cords develop from folds of mucous membrane during the process of

Back 22

recanalization

Front 23

(CHAOS)

Back 23

congenital high airway obstruction syndrome

Front 24

This rare anomaly results from failure of recanalization of the larynx, and causes obstruction of the upper fetal airway

Back 24

congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS)

Front 25

incomplete recanalization of the larynx is called =

Back 25

Laryngeal web

Front 26

Laryngeal web
Symptoms
4ct

Back 26

1. weak cry
2. Aphonia (inability to speak )
3. Stridor (high pitched sound resulting from turbulent air flow in the upper airway )
4. Hoarseness

Front 27

abnormal communication between the trachea and esophagus that results from improper division of foregut by the tracheoesophageal septum.

Back 27

Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF)

Front 28

Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) :
generally associated with =
2ct

Back 28

esophageal atresia
polyhydramnios

Front 29

Development of Bronchi and Lungs
2 *________ bronchial buds

Early in week __
each bronchial bud enlarges into the primordium of a
________ ____________

Back 29

endodermal

wk 5

primary bronchus

secondary bronchi are also called =

Hint 29

lobar bronchi

Front 30

The secondary bronchi
(lobar bronchi) further subdivide into segmental (tertiary) bronchi
How many =

Back 30

10 on the right side
9 on the left side

By week __, they divide another __times and the respiratory bronchioles have developed


They will divide an additional __ more times before birth

Hint 30

Wk 24

14x

7x

Front 31

As the bronchi develop, they expand laterally and caudally into a space known as

Back 31

primitive pleural cavity

Front 32

Maturation of the lungs is divided into four periods:

Back 32

Pseudoglandular
Canalicular
Terminal saccular
Alveolar

Front 33

By week __ all major elements of the lungs have formed

Back 33

Wk 16

except for those involved with gas exchange

Front 34

By week __all major elements of the lungs have formed except for those involved with gas exchange

Back 34

16

Front 35

Canalicular period (__ to __ weeks)

Back 35

16-26 wks

Front 36

By week __, respiratory bronchioles have developed and respiration becomes possible, although the chances of survival are less.

Back 36

24

Front 37

Terminal sac period
(__ weeks to birth)


The intimate contact between epithelial and endothelial cells establishes the blood-air barrier, which permits adequate gas exchange for survival of the fetus if it is born prematurely

Back 37

26 wks

Front 38

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) : Hyaline membrane disease
is caused by a =

Back 38

deficiency or absence of surfactant.

Front 39

Surfactant is composed of =

Back 39

cholesterol (50%),
di-palmitoyl-phosphatidyl-choline (DPPC; 40%),
surfactant proteins
A, B, and C (10%).

Front 40

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS

Treatments include

Back 40

- betamethasone (a corticosteroid) to the mother for several days before delivery
-artificial surfactant solu
-artificial ventilation

Front 41

Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE)

is characterized by progressive =

Back 41

overdistention of one lobe or the upper lobes or the right middle lobe with air.

due to failure of bronchial cartilage formation.
***

Front 42

In this situation, air can be inspired through collapsed bronchi, but cannot be expired.
what condition

Back 42

Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE)

***
During the first few days of life, fluid may be trapped in the involved lobe, producing an opaque, enlarged hemithorax. Later, the fluid is resorbed, and the classic radiologic appearance of an emphysematous lobe with generalized radiolucency (darkened images on x-ray films) is apparent.