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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the stages of sperm maturation. Specify whether each stage is diploid or haploid.
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Spermatagonia (diploid)
Mitosis Primary Spermatocyes (diploid) Meiosis 1 Secondary Spermatocytes (haploid) Meiosis 2 Spermatids (haploid) Maturation Sperm (gametes) |
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Under what circumstances will the hemoglobin curve shift to the right? To the left?
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-If oxygen is needed to dissociate more readily, the curve will shift to the right
-If oxygen is needed to bind more readily, curve will shift to the left (means that at a lower O2 pressure, more hemoglobin will be saturated) |
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An elevated level of ammonia in the blood would most likely result from a defect in an enzyme involved in what? Why?
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Urea Cycle: AA Breakdown-->Ammonia-->Urea (less toxic)
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The catabolism of amino acids produces ammonia. Therefore, after a protein-rich meal, would you expect a build-up of ammonia in the lumen of the small intestine?
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No, ammonia is produced within individual cells, no within the lumen of the small intestine.
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What is the net number of ATP molecules synthesized by an obligate anaerobe per molecule of glucose? How about an obligate aerobe?
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Anaerobe employs glycolysis and fermentation (for NAD+ regeneration): 2 ATP/glucose
Aerobes: 36 ATP |
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In a paternity case, the mother has type A+ blood and her son has type O- blood. If the husband has type B+ blood, could he be the father?
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Yes:
Baby: OORh-Rh- Mother: A_Rh+_ To produce baby, must has: AORh+Rh- Father in question: B_Rh+_ If has: BORH+Rh-, is possible |
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A medical student suggested giving Rh- mothers of Rh+ fetuses a specific exogenous substance prior to delivery to prevent an immune response. What substance would be safest and most effective?
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Anti-Rh antibody: will attack + coat Rh+ RBCs of fetus that enter mother's bloodstream. Thus, Rh antigen is no longer accessible to mother's immune system and does not produce anti-Rh antibody of her own.
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For the following cross:
Brown male (B) x Red female (b) --> 2 Brown:1 Red: 1 white (w) (b dominant to w) If a large number of brown offspring are mated with each other, what is the expected percent of white offspring? |
Parents must be heterozygous due to w offspring:
Bw x bw F1: Brown: Bb, BW F2: Bb x Bb, Bw x Bw, Bb x Bw, Bw x Bb 1/16 will be white --> 6.25% |
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A viral genome contains 27% cytosine, 27% adenine, 23% uracil, and 23% guanine. Does the viral genome consist of ssRNA or dsRNA? Why?
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ssRNA:
Only RNA has uracil In dsDNA or dsRNA, quantity of adenine = quantity of thymine, or quantity of uracil = quantity of adenine. In ssDNA/ssRNA, quantity doesn't matter, just needs to add up to 100% |
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During the development of a male fetus, the hypothalamus switches from cyclic production of GnRH (characteristic of females) to acyclic production. How would this affect release patterns of LH and FSH (doesn't, both, one but not other)?
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Both; LH and FSH are released by AP under influence of hypothalamus (GnRH)
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If a reaction occurs stereospecifically with the nucleophile approaching on only one side of the molecule, will the product be optically active or inactive?
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Active
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What are the three classifications of bacteria?
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Cocci: Spherical
Spirilli: Spiral/Helical Bacilli: Rod-like |
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What is the difference between a Lewis Base and a Lewis Acid?
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Lewis Base: EP Donor
LA: EP acceptor |
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If the amino acid sequence of an unknown protein is 30 nucleotides long, how many amino acids does it consist of?
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10
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Widespread use of anti-bacterial soaps has led to increased prevalence of resistant strains of bacteria. This is an example of what kind of selection?
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Directional: produces an adaptive change over time in response to change in environment
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Define:
Directional Selection Stabilizing Selection Disruptive Selection |
Directional: adaptive change over time in response to change in environment
Stabilizing: Maintains uniform characteristic by eliminating deviations Disruptive: Favors extremes over intermediate phenotypes |
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A patient with renal failure has nephrons which lack the ability to actively secrete/reabsorb any substances. Why will the kidneys still be able to remove salt from blood?
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Removed by filtration at glomerulus
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What is the effect of large amounts of ingested isotonic solution?
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Increased BP-->Decreased Renin by kidneys-->Decreased aldosterone secretion-->decreased Na+ reabsorption--->decreased arterial BP
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In glucose, the carbonyl carbon can be attacked intramolecularly by the hydroxyl oxygen of C-5 to form a __?
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Hemiacetal; not glucofuranose (that would be a 5-membered ring)
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What is the effect of estradiol?
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-->pituitary-->Increased LH & FSH
-->Hypoth-->Increased GnRH |
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What is tidal volume?
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Amount of air inhaled/exhaled per minute
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What is the effect of ehtrythropoietin?
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Increased RBC count
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If at high altitudes, what kind of shift would you expect in the hemoglobin curve?
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High alt-->Low O2-->Need greater affinity-->Shift to RIGHT
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What are the effects and steps of Wolff-Kishner Reducation?
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1. H2NNH2 2. NaOH
Carbonyl-->C=NNH2-->Methyl group |
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What is an epimer?
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Sugars that differ in configuration about a single stereocenter
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