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216 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
At the beginning of the 19th century the modern states of Italy & Germany did _____.
not exist
At the beginning of the 1800s they were scattered among several German states, parts of Prussia, and the Austrian Empire.
German-speaking people
Dissolved the Holy Roman Empire and organized some German states into the Rhine confederation.
Napoleon
Napoleon's actions helped develop German ______________.
national identity
As Germans fought to free their lands from the French they began to demand one German nation for all ______.
German speaking people
Austria and Prussia struggled over domination of the ________.
German States
Aristocratic landowners in Prussia.
Junkers
Most important state in the unification of Germany.
Prussia
Most important individual in the unification of Germany.
Otto von Bismarck
In 1862, King William I named Otto von Bismarck the Prime Minister of Prussia by 1867 he was _____________.
Chancellor of the Northern German Confederation
Bismarck believed Germany needed a strong government and army to achieve _______.
German unity
Policy advocating the right of the nation-state to pursue its own advantage by any means including war and the repudiation of treaties.
Realpolitik
Bismarck followed a policy of _____.
Realpolitik
Bismarck added land to Prussia by leading it into ___________.
three wars
Bismarck annexed neighboring states in the North German Federation by his victory in the _________.
Austro-Prussian War
Austro-Prussian War.
Seven Weeks War
By editing a note Bismarck made it seem that William I had ___________.
insulted the French
Angered by what he believed was an insult from William I, Napoleon III _________.
declared war on Prussia
Prussia defeated Napoleon III, in 1870, in the _________.
Franco-Prussian War
Prussia's victory over France convinced the Southern German States to support ______.
unification
Delighted by the victory over France, German princes asked William I to take the title ____.
Kaiser of Germany
Became Kaiser/Emperor of all Germany in 1871.
William I
Bismarck became the chief minister of all Germany or _____.
Chancellor
To unite Germany Bismarck used a strategy of ____.
war & diplomacy
In 1871 Germans celebrated the birth of the_______
second Reich
After 1871, the new German empire became an _______.
Industrial giant
Wanted to keep France weak to build strong ties with Austria and Russia.
Bismarck
Worked to suppress both the Socialists and the Catholic Church because he believed they threatened the new German empire.
Bismarck
Bismarck's efforts to suppress both the Socialists and the Catholics ______.
backfired
Kaiser William II shocked Europe by asking __________.
Bismarck to resign
Because Kaiser William II believed the right to rule came from God he resisted ________.
democratic reforms
A secret society that had the goal "to constitute Italy, one, free, independent, republican nation.
Young Italy
Italian statesman largely responsible for the unification of Italy.
Count Cavour
Sought to unite Italy by making piecemeal additions to the Piedmont.
Count Cavour
Conquered Sicily & Naples with his volunteer army the "Red Shirts."
Giuseppe Garibaldi
By conquering the Papal army Cavour forced Garibaldi to surrender his conquest to ______.
Victor Emmanuel II
Surrendered Sicily & Naples to King Victor Emmanuel II.
Giuseppe Garibaldi
First King of a unified Italy.
Victor Emmanuel II
After unification Italy still had differences between ______.
North and South
In 1800, they were the longest-reigning family in Europe.
Hapsburgs
Ruling family of Austria.
Hapsburg
The Austrian Empire was home to many
ethnic groups
In 1848 revolts broke out in Austria and were _________.
crushed
Hapsburg ruler who attempted to strengthen his empire by granting limited reforms.
Francis Joseph
Austria's defeat to Prussia in 1866 resulted in an even greater demand for change especially from ______.
Hungarians
Ferenc Deak worked out a compromise in the Austrian empire known as the ______.
Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary
Under the Dual Monarchy Austria and Hungary were separate states both still ruled by _____.
Francis Joseph
Even after the creation of the Dual Monarchy Austria-Hungary still suffered from ______.
nationalist unrest
Strongest of the nationalist groups opposing Austria-Hungary's rule.
slavs
The break up of the Ottoman Empire and the nationalist resentment of Austria-Hungary led to the _________.
"Balkan powder keg"
Europe's greatest war between 1815 and 1914, pitting first Turkey, then France and England, and finally Piedmont - Sardinia against Russia.
Crimean War
Russia's defeat in the Crimean war caused him to make some reforms.
Alexander II
Alexander II ordered the emancipation of the ______.
serfs
Alexander II also created elected assemblies, called _____.
zemstvos
When radicals demanded still greater reforms Alexander II moved toward ____.
repression
When terrorists killed his father Alexander II he brought back repressive rule.
Alexander III
Alexander III repressed the cultures of ____.
non-Russian peoples
Russia's official persecution, led to mob attacks against Jews called ______.
pogroms
Radical reformers who advocated the absence of government, the complete destruction of the state.
Anarchists
They believe government is unnecessary and intrinsically harmful.
Anarchists
Doctrine that denies all values, questions all authority.
Nihilism
Advocates the destruction of all social and economic institutions.
Nihilism
Anarchism & Nihilism arose in 19th century Russia in opposition to the ________.
Czars
In 1905, Russia went to war with and was defeated by _______.
Japan
Drained the Russian economy & resulted in a Russian revolution in 1905.
Russo-Japanese War
When Russian workers marched on the Winter Palace with a petition of reforms the Czar's troops ______.
opened fire on them
Put down the revolt of 1905.
Czar Nicholas II
Even though he put down the revolt of 1905, Nicholas II was forced to agree to more freedom & the creation of the ______.
Duma
Russian Parliament.
Duma
Nicholas II did not give IT any real power.
Duma
In 1815 Great Britain had a constitutional monarchy but it was not very _______.
democratic
Democratic reforms in Great Britain during the 1800s were ________.
gradual and nonviolent
Districts which had maintained their votes in the house of commons even though they had lost most of their population as result of the industrial revolution.
rotten boroughs
Were underepresented in the house of commons at the beginning of the 19th century.
industrial cities
The Reform Act of 1832 reduced what qualification for voting? (in England)
property ownership
Redistributed seats in the House of Commons more fairly.
Reform Act of 1832
British group that demanded reforms such as universal male suffrage and a secret ballot at the beginning of the 19th century.
Chartists
Great symbol of British life from 1837 to 1901.
Queen Victoria
Included duty, thrift, honesty, hard work, and respectability.
Victorian values
Benjamin Disraeli turned the Tories into the modern _______.
Conservative Party
The Whigs, led by William Gladstone, developed into the _______.
Liberal party
Liberal Prime Minister of Great Britain; introduced the secret ballot, extended the franchise, and reformed education.
William Gladstone
Conservative Prime Minister who supported aristocratic traditions while granting democratic reforms which extended the franchise.
Benjamin Disraeli
She ruled Great Britain for 64 years during the careers of Gladstone and Disraeli.
Queen Victoria
Bill that gave the vote to many working class men in Britain.
Reform Bill of 1867
Nobles lost most their power when the 1911 Parliament Act removed _______.
money bills from the House of Lords.
The Parliament Act of 1911 symbolized the decline of the ________.
aristocracy
By the end of the 19th Century Britain had become a ___________.
parliamentary democracy
A Prime Minister and cabinet are chosen by their fellow members of parliament.
parliamentary democracy
In the 1800s the British passed laws which removed trade restrictions and encouraged ___.
free trade
Placed high tariffs on grain imported to Great Britain.
Corn Laws
Helped British farmers but made bread expensive for city workers.
Corn Laws
In 1846 the Corn laws were ______.
repealed
It brought about laws that ended the slave trade and banned slavery in all British colonies.
Abolition movement
Leader of the abolition movement in the British Parliament.
William Wilberforce
Gradually parliament passed laws in Great Britain during the 1800s which improved ___.
working conditions
In 1918 the British Parliament granted the right to vote to ________.
women over 30
Resented British rule and having to pay tithes to the Church of England.
Irish Catholics
A Jewish officer in France was wrongly accused of spying for Germany.
Dreyfus affair
Demonstrated that there were strong anti-Jewish feelings in France.
Dreyfus affair
Movement to create a Jewish homeland, started by Theodor Herzl in response to the Dreyfus affair.
Zionism
In 1905 France passed a law to separate ___.
Church and State
In the 1800s the U.S. followed a policy of expansion or extending the nations ______.
boundaries
The idea that the U.S. was destined to spread across the North American continent.
Manifest Destiny
Most volatile issue in the U.S. in the first half of the 19th century.
slavery
Most Southern states seceded from the union as a result of _______.
Lincoln's Election
Abolished slavery in the seceding states.
Emancipation Proclamation
Worked to ban child labor, limit working hours, regulate monopolies, give voters more power and give women the vote. (in the U.S.)
Progressives
One country’s domination of the political, economic & social life of another country
Imperialism
Establishing authority over areas of the world outside a country's natural boundaries.
Imperialism
Establishing colonies throughout the world.
Imperialism
Era between 1800 and 1914
Age of Imperialism
To distinguish it from the Imperialism of the 16th and 17th centuries the Imperialism of the 19th and early 20th century is called the __________.
new imperialism
Nationalism, the Industrial Revolution, religious fervor, and feelings of racial and cultural superiority
causes of imperialism
Resulted in conflicts over colonial possessions.
Imperialism
Extreme pride in one's country.
Nationalism
Caused rival European nations to build empires in competitive quests for power.
Nationalism
A desire to expand and be more powerful than other nations.
Nationalism
A desire by a national group to have its own state or country.
Nationalism
Created a desire for raw materials and new markets.
Industrial Revolution
Imperialists worked to gain control over _____.
Conquered territory
Belief that white men had a duty to introduce other people to the benefits of Western society.
White man's burden
The "White man's burden" was a justification for ___________.
Imperialism
Applied the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human groups.
Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism was used to justify _________.
Imperialism
Many Western-educated Africans and Asians organized nationalist movements to ______.
expel the imperialists
Territory that an imperialist power rules directly.
Colony
Local rulers were left in place but were expected to follow the advice of Europeans.
Protectorate
Area in which an imperialist power holds exclusive trading rights.
Sphere of influence
Set up a successful Islamic State in Nigeria inspiring other Islamic reform movements in West Africa.
Usman dan Fodio
Emerged in southern Africa as a major force, in the 1800s under the brilliant leader, Shaka.
Zulus
Leader of the Zulus.
Shaka
His conquests set off mass migrations and wars, creating chaos across South Africa.
Shaka
Moved north out of the Cape Colony, in the "Great Trek" as a result of the British takeover.
Boers
Came into conflict with the Boers migrating North.
Zulus
Sierra Leone and Liberia were both colonies organized in Africa for _______.
freed slaves
When Europeans treated Africans like children it was the result of a ________.
paternalistic view
Explorer missionary who spent so many years in Africa that Henry Stanley was sent to look for him.
Dr. David Livingston
Journalist who found Dr. David Livingston in Africa.
Henry Stanley
Hired Henry Stanley to arrange trade treaties with African leaders.
King Leopold II of Belgium
Leopold's interest in African trade treaties set off a scramble between Britain, France, and Germany for ___________.
African lands
To stop the conflict over African lands Europeans met at the _______.
Berlin Conference of 1885
Dutch settlers in Southern Africa.
Afrikaners
Afrikaners were also called ______.
Boers
in 1885 14 European nations met in Berlin to divide up ________.
Africa
When gold and diamonds were discovered in South Africa the British fought the Afrikaners for control of the region in the ______.
Boer war
War fought in South Africa from 1889-1902.
Boer war
Samori Toure, Yaa Asantewaa, and Nehanda were examples of African leaders who tried to resist ________.
European Imperialism
Most efforts in Africa, to resist European Imperialism, during the 19th century ________.
failed
Was able to modernize Ethiopia and help it remain independent.
Menelik II
Many Western-educated Africans developed into an ______.
elite
British adventurer who made a fortune from gold and diamond mining in Southern Africa. (Controlled 90% of the world's diamond production)
Cecil Rhodes
Cecil Rhodes founded the colony of ________.
Rhodesia
By the early 1900s, African nationalists had begun to work for _____________.
independence
Ottomans in the Middle East, Safavids in Persia, & Mughals in India.
Three great Muslim Empires of the 1500s
By the 1700s all three of the great Muslim Empires were in decline due to ________.
corruption and discontent
Nationalism led to an attempted genocide by the Ottoman Turks against the ______.
Armenian Christians
A deliberate attempt to destroy a racial, political, or cultural group.
Genocide
By the early 1800s it was a semi-independent province of the Ottoman empire.
Egypt
Is called "the father of modern Egypt," because he introduced a number of political and economic reforms.
Muhammad Ali
When it was built it provided a shortcut between Europe and Asia.
Suez Canal
Built by a French company in the 1800s, it linked the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea.
Suez Canal
Muhammad Ali's successors lacked his skills and in 1882, Egypt became a protectorate of ______.
Britain
Under pressure from countries like Britain and Russia who wanted to control its oil fields Iran (formerly Persia) granted them _______.
concessions
The British were able to conquer India because the Indians were unable to _______.
unite against the British
When the British tried to force Sepoys (Indian Soldiers) to bite off the tips of their rifle cartridges, which were greased with animal fat it resulted in the _______.
Sepoy Rebellion
The Sepoy Rebellion was _________.
crushed by the British
After the Sepoy Rebellion the British ended the rule of the East India Company and put India under the authority of a _____.
viceroy
In 1885, Indian nationalists formed the Indian National Congress and began pressing for ___.
self rule
British made great profits by smuggling _______.
Opium to China
When the Chinese tried to crack down on opium smuggling the British won the _________.
Opium War
After losing the Opium War the Chinese were forced to give British citizens the right of ___________.
extraterritoriality
The right of foreigners living in another country to be tried by their own laws and in their own courts.
extraterritoriality
Corruption in the Qing dynasty added to the poverty and misery of Chinese peasants and resulted in the ___.
Taiping Rebellion
Lasted from 1850 to 1864 and was probably the most devastating peasant revolt in history.
Taiping Rebellion
Survived the Taiping Rebellion but had to share power with regional commanders.
Qing dyansty
In the 1800s China was split between those who wanted to adopt Western ways and those who thought Western technology threatened __.
Confucianism
After China lost the Sino-Japanese war European nations attempted to carve out ___.
spheres of influence
In fear that they would be shut out of trade with China the U.S. called for an _____.
Open Door Policy
Violent uprising in China, in 1900, directed against foreigners.
Boxer Rebellion
Although the Boxer Rebellion failed, nationalism in China continued to grow. Reformers began to call for a ________.
republic
Became president of the new Chinese republic when the Qing dynasty fell in 1911.
Sun Yixian
Had forced Japan into a period of isolation for 200 years.
Tokugawa Shoguns
Led a U.S. fleet in 1853 that forced Japan to open in its ports.
Matthew Perry
Disgraced by the terms of the treaties which forced them to open their ports, the daimyo and samurai revolted. They unseated the Shogun and restored ________.
Emperor Mutsuhito to power
When emperor Mutsuhito came to power he took the name Meiji and moved to the Shogun's palace in Edo which he renamed ___.
Tokyo
A period of reform and a turning point in Japanese history which lasted from 1858 to 1912.
The Meiji Restoration
Wanted to create a new political and social system in Japan.
Meiji reformers
Meiji reformers created a constitution which made citizens equal and created a legislature or ______.
Diet
The Meiji reformers also wanted to build an __________.
industrial economy
Japan was able to modernize very quickly because its 200 years of isolation had created a _____________.
Homogeneous society
Japan's need for raw materials to industrialize forced it to become ________.
imperialistic
Competition in Korea led to the first _____.
Sino-Japanese War
As a result of victory in the Sino-Japanese war Japan gained ports in China and control of __.
Taiwan
In 1904, Japan conducted a surprise attack against a Russian base in Manchuria.
Port Arthur
Japan's victory over Russia gained it European recognition as a ___________.
world power
Japan's victory over Russia turned it into a _________.
Imperialistic nation
Took control what is today Indonesia.
Dutch
The British expanded from India into Burma and ___.
Malaya.
Defeated the Vietnamese and took control of all of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.
French
Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia became known as _____.
French Indochina
King of Siam who was able to keep his country from becoming a European colony.
Mongkut
Broke out over Cuba's attempts to win independence from Spain.
Spanish-American War
After supporting U.S. troops in the Spanish-American war they expected the U.S. to recognize their independence.
Filipino rebels
Instead of recognizing its independence the U.S. gave Spain $20 million for ______.
control of the Philippines
When Hawaiian queen Liluokalani tried to reduce foreign influence, American planters __.
overthrew her
In 1898 Hawaii was annexed by the ____.
United States
Canada, Australia, and New Zealand won independence faster and easier than other British colonies because they shared a _____.
language and culture with Britain
Australia was originally a _____.
penal colony
Even though the constitutions in the newly independent nations in Latin America guaranteed equality, __________.
inequality remained
Local strongmen in Latin America who worked to prevent unity under central governments.
Caudillos
After winning independence Latin American countries simply switched from being dependent upon Spain and Portugal to being ______.
dependent on Britain & the U.S.
Declared that the Americas were no longer to be considered for future colonization.
Monroe Doctrine
Even though its creation boosted trade world wide to Latin Americans it was just an example of "Yankee imperialism."
Panama Canal
Largest imperialistic empire by the 1900s
Great Britain
By the 1900s the British Empire covered ________.
1/4 of the worlds land & people