Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
211 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Prior to the Industrial Revolution most people lived and worked in _________.
|
small farming villages
|
|
Rapid Industrial growth that began in England in the mid 1700s
|
Industrial Revolution
|
|
The Industrial Revolution began in _______. (location)
|
Great Britain
|
|
The Industrial Revolution began during the middle of the ________.
|
18th Century/1700s
|
|
The Industrial Revolution brought on a rapid concentration of ________.
|
people in cities
|
|
Changed the nature of work for many people
|
Industrial Revolution
|
|
Rise of urban industrial economies during 1700s & 1800s
|
Industrial Revolution
|
|
Public lands where farmers gathered wood grazed livestock, and raised crops
|
Village commons
|
|
Practice of fencing off land formerly open to common grazing and cultivation
|
Enclosure
|
|
Ended small farmers use of public lands
|
Enclosure movement
|
|
The enclosure movement displaced farmers who became a ________.
|
labor supply
|
|
New tools & techniques result in greater crop & livestock production
|
Agricultural Revolution
|
|
The agricultural revolution helped Great Britain lead the ___________.
|
Industrial Revolution
|
|
The enclosure movement both displaced farmers and increased _______.
|
agricultural production
|
|
Improved agricultural techniques (agricultural revolution) increased the ____.
|
food supply
|
|
An increased food supply increased the ______.
|
population
|
|
Population growth & the enclosure movement resulted in a larger __________.
|
labor supply
|
|
The industrial revolution was also triggered by new technologies and new sources of ______.
|
energy & materials
|
|
One vital source of energy in the Industrial Revolution was coal which was used to power the _________.
|
steam engine
|
|
Inventor of the first practical steam engine.
|
James Watt
|
|
Enabled factories to run without the need of water power.
|
Steam Engine
|
|
Coal was a vital source of fuel in the production of __________
|
Iron
|
|
His technique of smelting iron (separating iron from its ore) led to less expensive & better quality iron.
|
Adam Darby
|
|
Capital, natural resources, & labor supply were key elements in Britain’s _______.
|
industrial success
|
|
Money to invest in labor, machines, & raw materials
|
capital
|
|
Large scale farming, overseas commerce, & the slave trade helped the British produce ____.
|
capital
|
|
Industry provided the aristocracy and the middle class a chance to _______.
|
invest
|
|
Water power, Iron & coal were British _____.
|
raw materials
|
|
A growing population in Great Britain (and later elsewhere) also increase the _________ for goods.
|
demand
|
|
System where raw cotton was given to peasant families and made into cloth in their homes.
|
putting-out system
|
|
Risk-taking people who set up industries by bringing together capital, labor, & new industrial inventions.
|
Entrepreneurs
|
|
First industry to be industrialized
|
Textile
|
|
Fabric industry
|
Textile
|
|
Enabled cotton weavers to outpace cotton spinners.
|
flying shuttle
|
|
Enabled cotton spinners to produce enough thread to keep up with the weavers.
|
spinning jenny
|
|
The flying shuttle and the spinning jenny made it difficult for America to produce enough ____.
|
cotton
|
|
The bottle neck in the production of cotton.
|
cleaning out the seeds
|
|
Developed the Cotton Gin
|
Eli Whitney
|
|
Cleaned the seeds out of cotton.
|
Cotton Gin
|
|
The mechanization of the textile industry came about through a series of _______.
|
inventions
|
|
Organized method of production; brought workers and machines together under control of managers.
|
factory system
|
|
Individuals own the means of production
|
capitalism
|
|
Factories, farms, and mines, railways & other businesses.
|
Means of Production
|
|
Individuals decide what is produced and how money is spent. (free enterprise)
|
Capitalism
|
|
If supply goes up prices go ____.
|
down
|
|
If demand goes up prices go ____.
|
up
|
|
Continually expanding factories or investing in new businesses.
|
Industrial Capitalism
|
|
As production increased people needed a way to get raw materials to the factories, and finished products to the markets faster, this resulted in a ________.
|
transportation revolution
|
|
Turnpikes, canals, the steam locomotive, & the railroads were all part of the _______.
|
transportation revolution
|
|
As the Industrial Revolution progressed one change led to _______.
|
another
|
|
The mass movement of people from the countryside to the cities as a result of the Industrial Revolution.
|
Urbanization
|
|
Grew up around both mines and factories.
|
cities
|
|
The new middle class created by the Industrial revolution was made up of ________.
|
entrepreneurs
|
|
As urbanization took place THEY lived in nice neighborhoods.
|
middle and upper class
|
|
As a result of urbanization most of the poor lived in ________.
|
tenements
|
|
Multistory buildings divided into apartments.
|
tenements
|
|
Often had no running water and no sewage or sanitation system.
|
tenements
|
|
The lack of a sewage system often resulted in contaminated drinking water and the _______.
|
spread of diseases
|
|
Factory work was often monotonous and _____.
|
dangerous
|
|
Shifts in the factories often lasted ________.
|
12 to 16 hours 6 or 7 days a week
|
|
Children often started working in the factories at the ages of _______.
|
7 or 8
|
|
Workers organizations which eventually won the right to ask for better wages, hours and working conditions.
|
labor unions
|
|
They believed that a free market would help everyone not just the rich.
|
Business leaders/entrepreneurs
|
|
A completely free market economy with no government interference.
|
laissez-faire
|
|
Owners of railroads, factories & mines advocated ___________ economies.
|
laissez-faire
|
|
He believed the poor would always suffer because the population would always grow faster than the food supply.
|
Thomas Malthus
|
|
Malthus did not want the government to help the poor because he believed if it did they would continue to _________.
|
have more children
|
|
Developed the concept of utilitarianism.
|
Jeremy Bentham
|
|
Every action should be judged by its contribution to human happiness or the reduction of human misery.
|
Utilitarianism
|
|
Measuring an action by its usefulness.
|
Utilitarianism
|
|
He rejected laissez-faire economies on grounds of utilitarianism.
|
John Stuart Mill
|
|
Argued for legislation against monopolies & for the protection of individual liberties
|
John Stuart Mill
|
|
Community ownership of the means of production.
|
Socialism
|
|
No competition, share the wealth.
|
Socialism
|
|
Wanted to create small separate socialist communities.
|
Utopian Socialists
|
|
Attempted to create socialist communities in Scotland & New Harmony, Indiana.
|
Robert Owen
|
|
Scientific Socialism
|
Communism
|
|
Marxism
|
Communism
|
|
Intellectual founder of Communism.
|
Karl Marx
|
|
Marx's partner and co-author of the Communist Manifesto.
|
Friedrich Engel's
|
|
Marxism along with other socialist ideologies grew out of a reaction to the harsh conditions imposed on workers by the _____.
|
Industrial Revolution
|
|
According to Marx all of history is characterized by _____.
|
class struggle
|
|
Communism is a form of _____.
|
socialism
|
|
Capitalists using workers' labor for their own advantage.
|
exploitation
|
|
Owners of the means of production. (factories)
|
capitalists or bourgeoisie
|
|
Exploited factory workers. (name for)
|
proletariat
|
|
Class struggle will lead to a workers' revolt. (Marx)
|
Theory of History
|
|
After the workers revolt the government will wither away and there will be a _______. (Marx)
|
Classless Society
|
|
Pamphlet in which Marx calls for a workers' revolt.
|
Communist Manifesto
|
|
Both predicted and advocated a workers revolt.
|
Karl Marx
|
|
Marx believed it was the opiate of the masses.
|
Religion
|
|
Favored democratic means to implement socialist policies.
|
Democratic Socialists
|
|
After the Congress of Vienna, Europe experienced more than 30 years of turmoil as a result of clashes between people of different _______.
|
ideologies
|
|
Belief systems.
|
ideologies
|
|
Wanted to return to the way things were before 1789.
|
Conservatives
|
|
Group that included; kings, nobles, & Church leaders.
|
Conservatives
|
|
An agreement among major European powers to work to maintain the conservative order which existed before the French Revolution.
|
Concert of Europe
|
|
Supported a system in which lower classes respected those above them.
|
Conservatives
|
|
Backed established Churches and opposed Constitutional governments.
|
Conservatives
|
|
A church backed and supported by the state.
|
established church
|
|
Wanted to crush revolutionary ideas.
|
Conservatives
|
|
Leader of the Conservatives.
|
Metternich
|
|
Conservatives were challenged by _______.
|
Liberals and Nationalists
|
|
Ideology generally held by business owners, bankers, lawyers, politicians, & writers.
|
Liberalism
|
|
Wanted governments based on written constitutions.
|
Liberals
|
|
Opposed monarchies and the established churches.
|
Liberals
|
|
Believed that Liberty, equality, and property were natural rights.
|
Liberals
|
|
Not at the beginning of the era but eventually Liberals come to support ________.
|
Universal manhood suffrage
|
|
Allowing all men to vote.
|
universal manhood suffrage
|
|
The desire of people who have a common ancestry to have their own country.
|
nationalism
|
|
In the 1800s, nationalist groups within the Austrian and Ottoman empires set out to ______.
|
create their own states/win independence
|
|
By 1830 they won autonomy within the Ottoman empire.
|
Serbs
|
|
Autonomy
|
self rule
|
|
By 1830 they won independence from the Ottomans.
|
Greeks
|
|
The success of the Serbs and the Greeks led to other ______.
|
revolts
|
|
He encouraged conservative leaders to crush revolts.
|
Metternich
|
|
French & Austrian troops smashed revolts in ___.
|
Spain & Italy
|
|
The demands of the Liberals & the Nationalists were soon added to by demands from the new ________.
|
industrial working class
|
|
Social reformers were urging workers to support various types of ______.
|
Socialism
|
|
Became firmly established as ruler of France after Waterloo.
|
Louis XVIII
|
|
He proclaimed a liberal constitution for France.
|
Louis XVIII
|
|
Wanted to reestablish the old order in France and punish the radicals.
|
Ultraroyalists
|
|
Leader of the ultraroyalists, became king in 1824.
|
Charles X
|
|
His attempts to restore absolute monarchy in France led to revolution in 1830.
|
Charles X
|
|
Want to return to an earlier way.
|
reactionaries
|
|
"Citizen King" who at first won the support of the middle class, but lost it when he opposed reform.
|
Louis Philippe
|
|
Louis Philippe's opposition to reform led to the __________.
|
Revolution of 1848
|
|
Ended with rebels proclaiming France a Republic. (the Second Republic)
|
Revolution of 1848
|
|
Led to political uprisings in other European countries.
|
Revolution of 1848
|
|
Series of unsuccessful revolutionary uprisings in France, Italy, the Austrian Empire, and Germany.
|
Revolutions of 1848
|
|
Gained control of France at the beginning of the Revolution of 1848.
|
middle and upper classes.
|
|
After the Upper and Middle classes took control of the government in the Revolution of 1848 Paris workers ________.
|
took to the streets
|
|
Because of the Paris workers revolting in the streets during the Revolution of 1848 the new government created a constitution with ____.
|
Universal manhood suffrage
|
|
Elected President of France after Revolution of 1848.
|
Louis-Napoleon
|
|
Dissolved the legislature, and made himself Emperor Napoleon III.
|
Louis-Napoleon
|
|
His war with Prussia ended in his defeat, the collapse of the empire, and his exile.
|
Louis-Napoleon/Napoleon III
|
|
Napoleon III's defeat resulted in the election of a National Assembly dominated by ____.
|
Royalists
|
|
After Napoleon III's defeat the National Assembly took drastic measures against the working class which resulted in a ______.
|
Paris Revolt
|
|
During the Paris Revolt workers established a socialist government know as the ____.
|
"Commune"
|
|
The National Assembly reasserted control over the ______.
|
"Commune"
|
|
National Assembly arrests 40,000 people and kills 20,000.
|
"Blood Week"
|
|
In 1875 a new constitution made France once again a republic.
|
Third Republic
|
|
Conflict over whether an army officer was selling secrets to the Germans.
|
Dreyfus Affair
|
|
The successful conclusion of the Dreyfus Affair proved it could survive in France.
|
Republican Government
|
|
Colonial Latin America was divided by social classes based on ______.
|
privilege
|
|
Colonial leaders who were born in Spain or Portugal and were at the top of the social order.
|
Peninsulares
|
|
Colonial born white aristocrats.
|
Creoles
|
|
Latin Americans of mixed Native American and European ancestry.
|
Mestizos
|
|
People of mixed African and European descent.
|
mulattoes
|
|
Mestizos, mulattoes, native Americans, & Africans slaves were at the bottom of the _____.
|
social order
|
|
Early 19th Century Latin American revolutionaries were inspired by the _____.
|
American & French Revolutions
|
|
Countries of Latin America sought independence to overthrow the _______.
|
rigid social order
|
|
Led revolution in Haiti.
|
François Tousssaint-Louverture
|
|
Sent an army which captured & imprisoned Toussaint-Louverture.
|
Napoleon
|
|
After yellow fever killed thousands of French soldiers ________.
|
Haiti won independence
|
|
Catholic priest led the fight against Spanish in Mexico.
|
Miguel Hidalgo
|
|
Father Hidalgo's goal was to bring ______.
|
Reform & democracy to Mexico
|
|
After both Father Hidalgo & Father Jose Morelos were killed, revolutionaries led by Agustin de Iturbide, in 1821, overthrew Spanish rule and ____.
|
declared Mexico independent
|
|
Spanish colonists became upset with Spanish rule because the social structure prevented ______.
|
non-peninsulares from participating in the government
|
|
He successfully liberated Venezuela in 1821.
|
Simon Bolivar
|
|
After capturing Bogotá, he moved south to free; Ecuador, Peru, & Bolivia, he then joined with Jose de San Martin, who helped Argentina & Chile win freedom.
|
Simon Bolivar
|
|
With the Latin American revolutions the Creoles gain control from the Peninsulares but ____.
|
Mestizos still lacked power
|
|
By the mid 1800s Germany & the U.S. joined Britain as _____.
|
Industrial powers
|
|
Both Germany & the U.S. used __________ to industrialize.
|
British technology
|
|
Like Britain the newly industrialized nations experienced _______.
|
Urbanization
|
|
Invented a new way of making steel from Iron.
|
Henry Bessemer
|
|
Invented dynamite for use in construction.
|
Alfred Nobel
|
|
Created the first Dynamo.
|
Michael Faraday
|
|
A machine that makes electricity and resulted in electricity replacing steam as the main source of power.
|
the Dynamo
|
|
Contributed the concept of interchangeable parts.
|
Eli Whitney
|
|
Using machines to create uniform, exchangeable goods/parts.
|
Interchangeable parts
|
|
Each worker performs a specialized task
|
division of labor
|
|
A product is assembled by a division of labor as it moves along a conveyor belt.
|
Assembly line
|
|
Used the assembly line to mass produce Model T automobiles.
|
Henry Ford
|
|
Developed a practical incandescent light bulb.
|
Thomas Edison
|
|
Enabled cities and factories to function at night.
|
electric light bulb
|
|
First to build a self powered airplane.
|
Orville and Wilbur Wright
|
|
The telegraph and telephone made the exchange of information nearly ______.
|
instantaneous
|
|
He invented the Radio.
|
Guglielmo Marconi
|
|
To raise capital entrepreneurs sold ______.
|
stock
|
|
A share or partial ownership in a company.
|
stock
|
|
Business owned by stockholders
|
Corporation
|
|
Provide capital and disperse risk.
|
Corporations
|
|
By the late 1800s it dominated industry.
|
"Big Business"
|
|
French Chemist who demonstrated the link between germs and disease.
|
Louis Pasteur
|
|
German doctor identified the cause of tuberculosis.
|
Robert Koch
|
|
British hospital reformer raised standards for care and cleanliness.
|
Florence Nightingale
|
|
Discovered that antiseptics prevent disease.
|
Joseph Lister
|
|
Major efforts to improve the living conditions of cities which started in the last half of the 19th century.
|
Urban Renewal
|
|
Despite efforts at urban renewal cities and factories remained harsh places for the ___.
|
poor
|
|
Pressured by unions, reformers, and working class voters, governments did pass laws that ______.
|
improved working conditions
|
|
Middle class values that encouraged women to stay at home and care for the family.
|
Cult of domesticity
|
|
In the late 1800s they began to seek fairness in marriage, divorce, and property laws.
|
women
|
|
Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Sojourner Truth worked for _______.
|
Women's suffrage
|
|
Franchise and suffrage.
|
right to vote
|
|
Because they believed education would create better workers, reformers persuaded many governments to set up ______.
|
public schools
|
|
Developed the theory of Natural Selection.
|
Charles Darwin
|
|
Chance variations are selected by nature in a struggle for existence.
|
Natural selection
|
|
Variations are selected because they are _____.
|
fit for survival
|
|
Darwin's theory of natural selection was A theory of ______.
|
evolution
|
|
Discovered that all elements are composed of atoms, and that all atoms of an element are identical and unlike the atoms of other elements.
|
John Dalton
|
|
A movement among Christians to improve society.
|
Social Gospel
|
|
A movement in which artists would emphasize human emotion and imagination over reason.
|
Romanticism
|
|
Romanticism was a reaction to the formal and rational style of the ____.
|
Enlightenment
|
|
William Wordsworth, William Blake, Lord Byron, Victor Hugo, & Ludwig van Beethoven.
|
Romantics
|
|
Rejected the sentimentality of romanticism, & sought to portray life in a realistic manner.
|
Realism
|
|
Charles Dickens' shocking images of; poverty, the mistreatment of Children, and urban crime were examples of _________.
|
realism
|
|
Sought to capture the momentary impression a subject made on the senses.
|
Impressionists
|
|
Part of the reason for the development of impressionism was that the painter could never compete with the new photographer in ____.
|
realism
|
|
Painting that focused on light and color in the natural world.
|
Impressionism
|
|
Movement of individual style created to express chaos and complexity.
|
Postimpressionism
|