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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ranking of people on the basis of unequal access to scarce resources and social rewards.
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social stratification
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The layering of society in terms of power and wealth
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social stratification
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The unequal sharing of rewards and resources
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social inequality
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By definition social stratification implies
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Social inequality
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Persons with scarce resources have a high rank and those without them have lower rank
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social stratification
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Division of society in such a way that results in some people getting more rewards than others
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social stratification
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A ranked authority structure
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bureaucracy
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A bureaucracy operates according to ______
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specific rules
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Access to social rewards is based on characteristics
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determined by society
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A socially defined position in a group or society
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status
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The behaviors expected of someone occupying a particular status
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role
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The norms associated with a particular status
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role
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Is assigned according to standards beyond a persons control
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Ascribed Status
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Age, gender, family heritage and race are examples of ______
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Ascribed Statuses
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Is acquired by an individual on the basis of some special skill, knowledge or ability
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Achieved Status
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Pro baseball layer, doctor and lawyer are examples of ______
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Achieved Status
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Both achieved and ascribed statuses can be the basis for______
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social stratification
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A layer of society with similar power, wealth and prestige
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strata
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Movement between strata is impossible
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Closed system
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Movement between strata is possible
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Open system
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The most closed type of stratification
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Caste System
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In a closed system a person is assigned to a strata at _____
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birth
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In a caste of closed system a person's strata is determined by an _____
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Ascribed Status
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In an open system a person's strata is determined by an
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Achieved Status
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In a caste system one remains in the same strata _____
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throughout life
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Class systems range from slightly open to _____
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very open
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In a caste system scarce resources and rewards are distributed on the basis of _____
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Ascribed Statuses
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Marriage outside one's own social category
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exogamy
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Exogamy is forbidden in _____
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Caste systems
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In a class system the distribution of resources and rewards is based on _____
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Achieved Status
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When social class is based on achieved statuses individuals have some control over their _____
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strata
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Karl Marx defined class in terms of who owns the _____
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means of production
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Tools, buildings, factories, farms and materials needed to produce goods and services.
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means of production
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Marxists divide society into
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two basic classes
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Two basic classes according to Marxism
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Bourgeoisie & Proletariat
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Owners of the means or production (capitalist society)
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Bourgeoisie
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Own only their own labor (capitalist society)
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Proletariat
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Workers who sell their labor for wages
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Proletariat
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According to Marx the Bourgeoisie ______ the Proletariat
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exploit
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Reap all the profits of a capitalist system. (according to Marx)
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Bourgeoisie
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A free enterprise system
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capitalism
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A system where wealth is distributed on the basis of competition
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capitalism
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Do the work in a capitalist system
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Proletariat
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According to Marx the relationship between the two classes is characterized by _____
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exploitation
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Most American Sociologists find the Marxist definition of class _______
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too narrow
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A grouping of people with similar levels of wealth, power, and prestige. (not strata)
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social class
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A rating that combines social factors with economic factors.
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socioeconomic status
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Is used to determine an individuals position in the stratification system
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socioeconomic status
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Three most common rewards on which stratification is based.
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Wealth, Power, and Prestige
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Most obvious dimension of stratification
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Wealth
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Two components of wealth
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Assets and Income
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Assets and income
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wealth
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The value of everything a person owns
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assets
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3/4 of the Nation's assets are controlled by ____
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1/5 of the population
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Ability to get people to do things they otherwise would not do
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power
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Marxists sociologists believe the power in the U.S. is held by the ______
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owners of corporations
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It may be based on force, skills, status, or personal characteristics.
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power
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The respect, honor, or recognition one receives from other members of society.
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prestige
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Prestige differs from wealth in that prestige is ____
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subjective
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Existing only within the experiencer's mind.
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subjective
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The most important source of prestige in the U.S.
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occupation
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View stratification as a necessary feature of the social structure
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functionalists
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Believe rewards must be varied or many jobs would not be filled
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functionalists
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A varying of rewards will result in a _____
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class system
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See competition over scarce resources as the cause of social inequality
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conflict theorists (Marxists)
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Believe stratification comes from class exploitation
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conflict theorists (Marxists)
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Exists in all class systems
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social inequality
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Use few ascribed characteristics to determine rewards.
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open systems
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Use scribed characteristics to determine rewards
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closed systems
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People are stratified according to social prestige
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status system
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Little opportunity to accumulate wealth and much social equality.
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egalitarian system
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Condition in which the same individual is give two conflicting status rankings.
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status inconsistency
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A wealthy woman or African American might experience _____
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status inconsistency
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Conflict theorists would argue that stratification is a reflection of _____ not necessity.
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power
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Symbolic interactionists believe, social inequality largely determines how people_____
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interact with one another
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U.S. law forbids discrimination based on ____
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ascribed characteristics
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Members of a community rank other members
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reputational method
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Individuals determine their own social rank
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subjective method
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Sociologists define class in terms of factors such as income, occupation, and education
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objective method
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Believe that society is dominated by a small group of people at the top of society
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Power elite theorists
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Small group of individuals who hold top positions in government, military and corporations
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Power elite
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Power elite theorists come from the _______
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conflict perspective
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"Old Money"
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upper-upper class
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"New Money"
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lower-upper class
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Inherited the bulk of their money
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upper-upper class
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Acquired wealth through their own efforts
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lower-upper class
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High income business and professionals.
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upper-middle class
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Lower income "white-collar" jobs.
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lower-middle class
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Tend to hold traditional values and are politically conservative
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lower-middle class
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Largest segment of American population
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working class
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Manuel labor jobs
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blue-collar jobs
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Blue-collar jobs (class)
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working class
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Jobs that have been TRADITIONALLY held by women.
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pink-collar jobs
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Pink-collar jobs (Class)
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working class
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Lowest paying jobs & unemployed
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lower class
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Movement between or within social classes
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social mobility
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Movement from one social class to another
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vertical mobility
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Movement within a social class
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horizontal mobility
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Moving to another job of equal ranking.
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horizontal mobility
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Vertical mobility that results in class differences in generations
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intergenerational mobility
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Advances in technology can result in _____ mobility.
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intergenerational
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Changes in societies structure can effect _____
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social mobility
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The mobility that results from changes in society
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structural mobility
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A standard of living below that which is considered decent.
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poverty
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Minimum annual income needed by a family to survive
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poverty level
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The largest percentage of people living below the poverty level are______
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children
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Likelihood of sharing the opportunities of society
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life chances
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Government redistribution of money among segments of society
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transfer payments
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Huge number of women bearing the burden of poverty
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feminization of poverty
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Believe poverty provides low wage labor and jobs for social workers
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functionalists
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Share inherited characteristics and are perceived to be a distinct group.
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race
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Cultural characteristics that distinguish one group from another
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ethnicity
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Individuals who share a common cultural background and sense of identity.
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ethnic group
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Share physical characteristics or cultural practices that result in the group being denied equal treatment.
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minority group
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A group of inferior power.
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minority group
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A minority group can actually be a _____.
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majority of the population
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Minority and majority groups are determined by _______.
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power (or lack of it)
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Minority and majority groups are defined by the _____.
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culture
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Denial of equal treatment to individuals based on their group membership.
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discrimination
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Discrimination involves _____
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behaviors
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An unsupported generalization about a category of people. (not stereotype)
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prejudice
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A negative attitude toward a certain category of people.
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prejudice
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Prejudice involves _____
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attitudes
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Discrimination upheld by law.
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legal discrimination
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Discrimination that is an outgrowth of the structure of society
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institutionalized discrimination
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Discrimination is the result of ______
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prejudice
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The outgrowth of traditional patterns of discrimination.
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institutionalized discrimination
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Type of discrimination most resistant to change.
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institutionalized discrimination
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A prediction that results in behavior that makes the prediction come true.
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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The belief that one's own race or ethnic group is naturally superior.
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racism
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Over simplified, exaggerated generalization about a category of people
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stereotype
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Placing the blame for one's troubles on an innocent individual or group.
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scapegoating
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Blending of culturally distinct groups into a single group with a common culture.
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assimilation
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Melting Pot.
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assimilation
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Each group within a society keeps its unique identity.
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cultural pluralism
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Programs designed to overcome the past effects of discrimination.
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Affirmative Action
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People critical of Affirmative Action consider it ______
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reverse discrimination
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Moving a minority to a new location
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population transfer
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Maintaining control over a minority group by force
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subjugation
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Most extreme form of subjugation
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slavery
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Physical separation of a minority group from the dominant group
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segregation
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Segregation based on laws
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de jure segregation
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Segregation based on informal norms.
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de facto segregation
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The intentional destruction of an entire group
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genocide
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Hitler attempted it against the Jews.
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genocide
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A person might not even be aware they are participating in this type of discrimination.
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institutionalized discrimination
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If people define situations as real they are real in their ______
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consequences
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Causes people to see inequality as the result of the minority group's weaknesses
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racism
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Is prejudiced and openly discriminatory
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Active Bigot
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Is prejudiced but is afraid to discriminate.
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Timid Bigot
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Is not prejudiced but discriminates because of social pressure.
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Fair-weather liberal
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Is not prejudiced and does not discriminate
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All-weather liberal
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Doctrine that segregation is constitutional as long as accommodations are equal.
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Separate but equal
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Established the separate but equal doctrine in 1896.
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Plessy vs. Ferguson
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Overturned the separate but equal doctrine in 1954
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Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education
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Brown vs. Board of Education ruled that separate facilities are ______
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inherently unequal
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Made de jure segregation unconstitutional
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Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education
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The salad bowl approach
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cultural pluralism
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Under cultural pluralism minority groups maintain their _______
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distinctiveness
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The definition of race varies from _____
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society to society
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Ethnic groups share a distinctive cultural _____
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heritage
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The discrepancy between the idea of equality and the reality of discrimination
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"American dilemma"
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Race is culturally _______.
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defined
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In the 1970s in the U.S. the emphasis changed from racial integration to ______.
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diversity
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