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178 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Studies human society.
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Sociology
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Focuses on group behavior.
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Sociology
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Studies social interaction.
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Sociology
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Focuses on individual behavior
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Psychology
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Systematic, scientific study of human society
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Sociology
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Sociology is one of the ___________.
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Social Sciences
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Sociology and Psychology are __________.
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Behavioral Sciences
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An observable fact or event.
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Phenomenon
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Sociologists examine social _________.
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Phenomenon
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Sociological findings should be based on _______.
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actual research
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Comes from systematic controlled observations.
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scientific knowledge
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comes from casual uncontrolled observations.
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common sense
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Sociology differs from common sense in that it is based on _________.
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tested ideas
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Studying diversity can help us better understand ___________.
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ourselves
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Being excluded from the mainstream of society.
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social marginality
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Ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives.
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Sociological imagination (perspective)
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Ability to see the impact of social forces on individuals.
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sociological imagination
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Forces that arise from the society of which we are a part.
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social forces
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Studies how an individual's behavior is affected by the social environment.
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Social Psychology
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Father of Sociology.
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Auguste Comte
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Coined the term Sociology.
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Auguste Comte
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He believed sociologist should be concerned with order and change.
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Auguste Comte
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He believed the economy had the strongest influence on social structure.
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Karl Marx
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He believed society is characterized by class struggle. (haves versus have nots)
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Karl Marx
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The ills of the capitalist system can only be resolved by violent revolutions. (person0
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Karl Marx
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Marx believed society is characterized by conflict between ____________.
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owners and workers
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He believed the primary features of society are conflict and competition.
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Karl Marx
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Based his ideas about society on Charles Darwin's biological model.
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Herbert Spencer
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Natural Selection
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Darwin's theory of evolution
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He believed no steps should be taken to correct social ills.
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Herbert Spencer
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Founder of Social Darwinism.
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Herbert Spencer
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Herbert Spencer
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"survival of the fittest" (person)
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Spencer believed society corrects its ills through ___________.
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survival of the fittest
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He compared society to a living organism.
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Herbert Spencer
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He saw society as a set of interdependent parts.
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Emile Durkheim
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Positive consequence that an element of society has for the maintenance of the social system
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function
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He developed the idea of functions
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Emile Durkheim
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He developed the idea of the Sociological Imagination.
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C. Wright Mills
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Empathetic understanding of the meanings others attach to their actions.
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Verstehen
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Understanding the point of view of subjects
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Verstehen
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Introduced the concept of Verstehen.
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Max Weber
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She set up a center for social reform and research.
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Jane Addams
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The name of Jane Addams' center.
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Hull House
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Systematic explanation of the relationship among phenomena.
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theory
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A set of general assumptions about society.
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Theoretical perspective
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Theoretical perspectives offer unique views of the ___________.
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nature of society
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Views society as a set of interrelated parts. (perspective)
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Functionalist Perspective
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Views society as a stable system. (perspective)
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Functionalist Perspective
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Each part of society contributes something to the society as a whole. (perspective)
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Functionalist Perspective
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Negative consequence an element has for the stability of the social system.
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dysfunction
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Intended consequence of an element of society.
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manifest function
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Unintended consequence of an element of society.
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latent function
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Members agree on what is good for society and cooperate to achieve it.
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social consensus
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Contends that society is help together by social consensus. (perspective)
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Functionalist Perspective
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The functionalist perspective is criticized for overlooking ________________.
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negative aspects of society
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Perspective that follows the tradition of Marx.
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Conflict Perspective
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Perspective that sees society as being unstable.
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Conflict Perspective
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Sees competition over scarce resources as the basis for social conflict. (perspective)
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Conflict Perspective
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Inequality, competition and power are the focus of the ____________ perspective.
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conflict
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View that women are oppressed by a male-oriented society.
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Feminist Theory
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Social domination of men over women.
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patriarchy
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Feminist theory is a sub-division of the __________.
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conflict perspective
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Focuses on human interaction. (perspective)
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Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
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Perspective interested in the meanings individuals attach to their actions and to the actions of others.
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Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
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Anything that stands for something else.
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Symbol
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Perspective that emphasizes symbols.
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Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
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Interacting that takes place through symbols.
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Symbolic Interaction
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According to symbolic interactionists people respond to their __________ of symbols and experiences.
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interpretations
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We are affected more by our interpretations of the world than by the world itself. (perspective)
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Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
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Seeing and accepting facts as they are.
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objectivity
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Information collected through scientific research.
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Data
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Collecting data on attitudes from a large group.
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Survey
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The researcher watches how individuals behave in social settings.
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Observation
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Intensive analysis of a; person, group, event or problem.
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Case Study
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Using data to determine the strength of a relationship between variables.
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Statistical analysis
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A characteristic that can differ from one situation to another.
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variable
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A shared way of life.
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culture
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People who share a culture.
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society
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All the shared products of human groups.
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culture
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Physical objects that people create.
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material culture
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Abstract human creations.
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nonmaterial culture
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Language, ideas, beliefs, & rules.
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nonmaterial culture
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All learned behavior.
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culture
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Culture is created and communicated through ________.
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symbols
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Organization of written and/or spoken symbols into a standardized system.
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language
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Shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong.
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values
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Shared rules of conduct
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norms
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Expectations of behavior.
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norms
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Specific guidelines on how people should behave.
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norms
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A collection of relatively objective ideas and facts.
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knowledge
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Ideas that are subjective and unverifiable.
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beliefs
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Knowledge and beliefs make up the ______ component of culture.
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cognitive
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Norms are specific, values are more ______.
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general
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Values generate _________.
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norms
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Values and norms make up the _______ component of culture.
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normative
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Ideas about what is important and worthwhile.
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Values
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Some norms apply to everyone, others are applied _____________.
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selectively
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Tell people how to act in specific situations.
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norms
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Include folkways and mores.
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norms
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Norms that do not have great significance attached to them.
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folkways
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Common customs of everyday life.
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folkways
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Using the right fork, wearing the right clothes e.g.
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folkways
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Some degree of nonconformity is permitted.
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folkways
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Norms with great moral significance attached to them.
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mores
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Mores are based on important _________.
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values
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Their violation endangers the stability of society.
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mores
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Written norms enforced by government.
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laws
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Values are demonstrated by the way people actually _______.
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behave
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Laws that do NOT have normative support are ___________.
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difficult to enforce
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When a norm violation is so prevalent that it has become socially acceptable.
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institutionalized deviance
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Language shapes the way people perceive the world.
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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Smallest unit of culture.
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culture trait
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Individual; tool, act, or belief.
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culture trait
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Cluster of interrelated culture traits.
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culture complex
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Culture complexes combine to form _______.
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culture patterns
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They are found in all human cultures.
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Cultural universals
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To view one's own culture as superior.
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Ethnocentrism
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To judge another culture on the basis of your own cultural standards.
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Ethnocentrism
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Belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards.
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Cultural Relativism
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Shares some traits with the larger culture.
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Subculture
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A subculture that merely differs from the dominant culture.
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Variant subculture
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A subculture that represents values that are unacceptable to the dominant culture and are generally considered illegal.
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Deviant subculture
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Rejects values and norms of the larger society.
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Counterculture
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Counterculture
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A subculture that represents values that are unacceptable to the dominant culture but are generally NOT considered illegal.
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Has some distinctive traits from the larger culture.
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Subculture
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Cultures with more culture traits _______.
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change quicker
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System of beliefs or ideas.
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ideology
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Justifies some interests held by a group or society.
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ideology
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Conscious effort to promote or prevent social change.
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Social movement
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Ideologies are often spread through _______.
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Social movements
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New ideologies promote ______.
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cultural change
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Knowledge and tools people use to manipulate their environment.
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Technology
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When people recognize new uses for existing elements in the world.
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Discovery
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Use of knowledge to create something that did not previously exist.
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Invention
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Discovery and Invention give rise to new ____.
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Technology
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Culture may be changed by increases in ____.
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population
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Spread of culture traits from one society to another.
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Culture diffusion
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Changes in the physical environment can cause ________.
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Cultural Change
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Produces the greatest change in a society in the least amount of time.
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Wars
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Cultural change never occurs without ______.
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opposition/resistance
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A group resists change because they believe their way is best.
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Ethnocentrism
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Some aspects of culture change slower than others.
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Cultural Lag
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People who are satisfied with the way things are ________.
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resist change
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The existing state of affairs.
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Status quo
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Process by which a norm becomes a part of a person's personality.
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internalization
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A person automatically conforms to norms after _______.
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internalization
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Rewards or punishments to enforce conformity to norms.
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Sanctions
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To follow norms.
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Conform
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Reward for conformity.
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Positive Sanction
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Punishment for nonconformity.
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Negative sanction
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Sanction given by a formal organization.
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Formal sanction
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A spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval.
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informal sanction
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Enforcing of norms by internalization or sanction.
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Social Control
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Violation of norms.
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Deviance
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Nonconformity.
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Deviance
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Basis for a societies normative structure.
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Values
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Argue that the popular culture reflects patriarchy.
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Feminists
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Humans are dependent upon culture because of their lack of _______.
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instincts
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According to the conflict perspective, culture reflects the interests of the _______.
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Powerful
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The joining of various values into a coherent whole.
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Cultural integration
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According to functionalists cultural traits exist because they meet_______.
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human needs
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Belief that a culture must be understood on its own terms.
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Cultural relativism
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A state in which all subcultures are equal to one another in the same society.
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Multiculturalism
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Closely knit community of all societies in the world.
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Global Village
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Providing inexpensive products by building factories and hiring workers abroad.
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Outsourcing
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The degree to which people are tied to a social group.
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Social integration
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Durkheim found that high suicide rates can be due to either, extreme or inadequate _______.
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Social integration
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Durkheims research indicated that high suicide rates can result from ______.
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Excessive Isolation
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Sociologists differ from social philosophers in that they use _________.
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Scientific methods
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The process by which we interpret what a given action means and respond to it.
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Reality Construction
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Combining and selectively using theoretical perspectives.
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Multiple view
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Relatively unsophisticated artistic creations that appeal to a mass audience.
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Popular Culture
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Existing in the mind; belonging to the thinking subject rather than to the object of thought.
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subjective
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Modified by individual bias.
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subjective
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Something that actually exists.
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objective
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Uninfluenced by emotions or personal prejudices.
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objective
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Based on observable phenomena; presented factually.
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objective
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The doctrine, that for every event there is a set of causal antecedents sufficient to determine that, that event and no other will take place.
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determinism
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