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163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
first person to see & define microbes
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Robert Hooke
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Person who discovered immunization
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Edward Jenner
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Hyaluonidase
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Invasion enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid (main component in connective tissue)
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Collagenase
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Invasion enzyme that breaks down collagen
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Streptokinase
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invasion enzyme that affects cAMP levels
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Coagulase
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Invasion enzyme that coagulates blood around it and insulates itself with surroundings making it difficult for immune system to penetrate.
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Hemolysinase
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Invasion enzyme that breaks down Red Blood Cells
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Leukocidins
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Invasion enzymes that attack phagocytic cells.
Staphylococcus aureus has these. |
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Lysozyme
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Found in the mouth and destroys bacterial cell walls
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Normal Flora in the Skin
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Staphylococcus Corynebacterium
they tolerate high salt levels |
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Normal Flora in Mouth that cause tooth decay & plaque
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Streptococcus mutans
Lowers the pH and destroys enamel |
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Normal Flora in the Stomach
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Lactobacilli
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Normal Flora in the Small Intestine
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Lactobacilli, Enterococci
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Normal Flora in the Large Intestine
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Enterococci, Bacteriodes
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Normal Flora in the Upper Respiratory
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Staph, Strep
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Normal Flora in the Bladder
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Few/None
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Normal Flora in the Urethra
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E. Coli, Proteus
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Normal Flora in the Vagina
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Lactobacilli
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Example of Opportunistic Pathogen
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Pseudomonas
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Comensals
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Two organism system where only one benefits and the other is unaffected.
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One way for bacteria to avoid the immune system is by mimicking the host's antigen... What is this called?
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Cross-Reactivity
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One way for bacteria to avoid the immune system is by causing a large T-Cell Response... What is this called?
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Superantigens
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Endemic
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disease stays in pop. At low frequency
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Epidemiologists
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tell you every aspect of how a disease came to be but have nothing to do w/ treatment.
(I'm just transcribing what he said in class! Don't judge me!!) |
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Typhoid Mary
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chronic carrier of disease and she was getting everyone sick in the restaurant she worked at.
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Disease that existed for a long time but was recently discovered
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Lyme Disease
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Disease that always appears "new" but really it just mutates into new form
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Influenza
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Diseases that were thought to have crossed species boundary
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AIDS & Hanta Virus
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Types of bacteria that have a very slow growth and can therefore not follow _____'s Postulate
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Kosh
Myobacterium leprae (causes lepracy) Treponemma palladium (syphillus) Also, polymicrobial infectious can't be isolated to follow Kosh's Postulate |
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Bacteria that has a survival stage where it can live intracellularly
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Chlamydiae
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2 Bacteria that have a survival stage where they live outside the host as a spore.
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Chlostridium (cause gangrene & tetanus)
Bascillus (causes anthrax) |
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One way for bacteria to avoid the immune system is by ______ of their surface antigens.
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Variation
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One way for bacteria to avoid the immune system is by stimulating cytokine release and damaging host cells via the _____.
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LPS
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Epidemic
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sudden outbreak of a disease above typical level
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• Reservoirs
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Where disease is typically found
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• Inanimate
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Found primarily in inanimate habitats
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Animate
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Humans are effective reservoirs for many.
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Carriers
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infected but not obviously diseased
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Pandemic
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epidemic over wide area (may be entire world)
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1918 – 1919 influenza pandemic killed ___ million people worldwide
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20
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o Morbidity
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all reported cases of disease, illness + deaths
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Mortality
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reported deaths due to a disease.
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The most common route of infection
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Airborne
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Examples of Airborne Infections
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Common cold, influenza, tuberculosis
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Infections carried by bugs are known as...
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Arthropod Borne
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Arthropod Borne infection example
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Typhus Fever
Rickettsia prowazekii transmitted by body lice. |
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STDs are an example of ______ ______ route of transmission
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Direct Contact
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An example of a water borne disease
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V. Cholera
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Two ways to transmit a disease with Food/Water Borne routes of transmission
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Intoxication & Ingestion
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Botulism type of food poisoning
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bacteria grown in food forms toxin & cooking kills bacteria but not the toxin.
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Staphylococcal food poisoning
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has a heat stable enterotoxin that is often transmitted by food handlers
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Which is faster during Food/Water Borne Disease Transmission? Intoxication OR Ingestion
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Intoxication
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4 Food/Water Borne BUGS that grow in GI when ingested...
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Salmonella
E. coli Campylobacter Shigellosis |
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____ blood pressure and ____ result in Shock.
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low; fever
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Cytokine that causes fever by stimulating prostaglandin release in hypothalamus which contributes to hypotension in shock.
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IL-1
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Cytokine that contributes to fever, hypotension, hemorrhages in organs, increased breathing & HR.
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TNF
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A bacteria can cause a disease via two mechanisms _____ & producing _____.
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Invasion; toxins
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Highly Invasive & Examples (2)
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Little or no toxins
Shigella strains Myobacterium tuberculosis |
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Minimal Invasion & Examples (2)
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potent toxin
Corynebacterium diptheriae Clostridium tetani |
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No Invasion & Examples (2)
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Highly toxic; food borne toxin
Clostridium botulinum Staphylococcus aureus |
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When a bacteria infects a host and is a very invasive species there are three requirements... what are these?
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1. Attachment
2. Obtaining Nutrients 3. Avoiding Host Defenses |
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Invasive bacteria attach to host via ______ that act as adhesion, ______ (short appendages), _____ (longer appendages that are more specific).
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proteins, fimbriae, pili
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Critical nutrient and often a limiting factor for invasive bacteria
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Iron
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Siderophores
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Iron-binding protein that makes it easier to invade cell b/c it can steal your iron
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Two examples of HOST-iron-binding proteins that transfer iron from the circulation to the liver during infections
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transferrin & lactoferrin
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These two bacteria avoid host defenses by having rapid antigenic change
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Borrelia spp. |
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This bacteria avoids host defenses by precipitating Antibodies
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Staphylococcus aureus - protein A
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This bacteria attacks phagocytic cells with leukocidins
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Staphylococcus aureus
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These 2 Bacteria can survive within phagocytic cells because they do not fuse with the lysosome
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Salmonella typhi (lives inside of the lysosome) |
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This bacteria has an antiphagocytic capsule that resists fusion w/ the phagocyte
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
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These 2 bacteria are highly toxic and typically food borne pathogens
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Clostridium botulinum
Staphylococcus aureus |
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Exotoxin
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proteins produced & secreted by bacterial cell that are highly toxic, non-pyrogenic & highly immunogenic
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highly toxic, non-pyrogenic & highly immunogenic
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Exotoxin
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Enterotoxin
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entry is required for this toxin to cause damage
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A-B type
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Dimeric toxin (enterotoxin) which has a B part for binding and an A part for toxin activity.
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Examples of A-B type bacteria
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C. diptheria toxin - A part inhibits protein synthesis of the cell and causes cell death
V. cholera - waterbone and interrupts protein syn. |
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Neurotoxins
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affect normal nerve function by messing up the synapse
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2 Examples of neurotoxic bacteria
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C. tetani - Inhibitory NT release is blocked so you get continuous stim. just like in "locked jaw"
C. botulinum - blocks release of NT so it makes wrinkles relax |
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Cytolytic toxin
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attacks cell membrane surfaces
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Example of a cytolytic toxic bacteria
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Staphylococcus aureus - alphatoxin that causes cell membranes to be leaky causing electrolytes and water to flow out due to increased cAMP levels.
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Endotoxin
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part of structure of organism just like gram negative outermembrane (LPS)
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Weakly toxic, pyrogenic, weakly immunogenic
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Endotoxin
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______ type of toxin are released after microbes die
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Endotoxins
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Types of bacteria with G-lipopolysaccharides (3)
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Escherichia
Salmonella Shigella |
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Super Antigens
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activate multiple T-cells so is not just one pathogenic response.
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Immunocompromised individuals have low _____50
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ID
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Koch's Postulate
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1. Observation – notice signs & symptoms of disease
2. Isolation – Isolate the organism into a pure culture 3. Re-infect – give the isolated organism to another person 4. Re-observation & Re-isolation |
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Can't use Koch's postulate for...
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Myobacterium leprae (lepracy); Treponemma pallidum (syphillus), polymicrobial infections
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Example of an Opportunistic Infection Bacteria
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Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
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Infectious Dose (50)
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We all take pathogen and half of us get sick; the lower the number the more infectious the pathogen.
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Lethal Dose (50)
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Number of microbes to kill half of the population that came down with the disease; the lower the number, the more lethal the pathogen
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Nocosomial Infections
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associated w old age, weakened immune system or hospitalization. When there are breakdown of physical barriers like burns, catheters & surgery, its easier for these antibiotic resistant bacteria to come in. One infection can lead to 14 extra days in the hospital. Chemotherapy influces the antiinflamatory response making it more likely to get an infection
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small pox is associate with what bacteria?
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Bacillus anthracis
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What are the bacteria that typically cause Nocosomial Infections?
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E. Coli, Pseudomonas aurginosa for UTI
Staph aureus, Steptococcus sp common in surgical infections (E. Coli & Pseudomonas too) |
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Which is the main bacteria that causes stomach ulcers? (HINT: Scientist ate it to prove it causes stomach ulcers)
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Helicobacter pylori
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Flesh-eating bacteria
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Streptococcus pyrogenes
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MRSA
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methicillin resistant staph aureus
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Tetanus is caused by...
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Clostridium tetam
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2 bacteria that cause intestinal diseases
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Salmonella, Camphylobacter
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Tuberculosis is caused by...
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Which disease was completely eradicated via vaccination? Which one was almost completely removed?
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small pox, polio
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Lysogenic phase
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virus does not kill the host. It lives within the host.
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Transgenic organisms
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recombinant plants & animals altered by addition of genes from other organisms
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Xenotransplant
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grow animal tissues in different animals
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3 Natural ways to insert genes into cells
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transformation; transduction; conjugation
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3 artificial ways to insert genes into cells
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electroporation; protoplast fusion; injection
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Electrophoreisis
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involves separating molecules based on electrical charge, size & shape. It allows scientists to isolate DNA of interest.
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___ & ____ are vectors that can carry larger genes than plasmids.
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viruses & transposons
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Donor gives recipient DNA via pili in a plasmid form and can spread resistance this way... what is this process called?
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Conjugation
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Transduction
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when virus gives DNA to host
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Transformation
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one cell picks up DNA from environment.
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Ames Test
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uses bacterial genetics to screen for cancer causing substances (carcinogens)
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____ Media has Agar in it.
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Solid
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___ Media selects one group to grow.
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Selective
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____ media has 2+ organisms grow together but with different colors.
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Differential
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Fastidious Organisms
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cannot grow in a typical media. Are high maintenance and need more specific nutrients.
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two selective & differential medias
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McConkey Agar & EMB
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Facultative Anaerobes
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can maintain life via fermentation OR aerobic but prefer aerobic.
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• Aerotolerant anaerobes
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do not use aerobic metabolism but have some enzymes that detoxify oxygen’s poisonous forms
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• Microaerophiles
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require O2 levels from 2-10% and have ability to detoxify H2O2 and superoxide radicals.
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In bacteria generation time lag time is....
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the time it takes for the bacteria to synthesize the right enzymes for the available energy/ carbon/e- source
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In bacteria generation time log time is....
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exponential growth where the bacteria reaches maximum rate. Can take as little as 20 minutes
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In bacterial generation time, the stationary phase is
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plateau where net growth remains the same b/c resources are scarce
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In bacterial generation time, the death phase
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more cells are dying than being made
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Growth rate of bacteria can be measured with
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a spectrophotometer which checks the absorption/optical density
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Anoxygenic photoautotrophs
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do not produce oxygen
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Oxygenic photoautotrophs & Examples
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produce O2 during photosynthesis
Algae, green plants, blue green bacteria |
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Carbohydrates can obtain starting materials from.....
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GLYCOLOSIS
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Proteins can obtain starting materials from both ______ AND _______
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GLYCOLYSIS; KREB’S CYCLE
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Fatty Acids can only obtain starting materials from ______ (where the fat part comes from) and ________ (where the glycerol part comes from).
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ACETYL CoA; GLYCOLOSIS
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Nucleotides can only obtain starting materials from .....
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GLYCOLYSIS
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______ are oxygenic bacteria that are thought to have changed the earth from anerobic to aerobic.
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Cyanobacteria
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In ETC, NADH gives e- to ____ ________ (enzyme) and oxidizes it to _____. After that, it goes through a series of chain rxns that oxidize & reduce components creating a _____motiforce with increasing concentration of H+ ions on the outside of the membrane. This force creates _____.
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NADH Dehydrogenase; NAD; proton; ATP
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____ is a chemical that blocks the flow of e- in the ETC.
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Cyanide
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Acetyl CoA is synthesized with the enzyme ____________.
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pyruvate dehydrogenase
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Gram + stain color:
Gram - stain color: |
Purple; Pink
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Peptidoglycan content for
Gram + & Gram - High or Low? |
Gram + : High
Gram - : Low |
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Outermembrate Absent/Present
Gram +: Gram -: |
Gram +: Absent
Gram - : Present |
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Liopolysaccharide Absent/Present
Gram +: Gram -: |
Gram +: Absent
Gram - : Present |
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Teichoic Acid Absent/Present
Gram + Gram - |
Gram +: Present
Gram - : Absent |
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Sensitivity to Lysozyme High/Low
Gram +: Gram -: |
Gram +: High
Gram - : Low |
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Entry of Penicillin G, Easy/Difficult
Gram+: Gram -: |
Gram+: Easy
Gram -: Difficult |
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Sensitivity to complement, Low/High
Gram+: Gram -: |
Gram +: Low
Gram - : High |
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Bacteria that has a specific pili that attaches to human genitalia to cause infection.
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Gonorrhea
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Cocci, Gram +, Cluster
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Staph
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Cocci, Gram +, Chain
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Strep
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Cocci, Gram -
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Gonorrhea
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Bacilli, Gram +
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Anthrax, Chlostridium
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Bacilli, Gram -
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E. Coli, Salmonela
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Vibrio
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Cholera
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Spirochete
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Syphilis
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Peptidoglycan is made of ____ & ____ layers.
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NAM & NAG
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Gram + has (many/few) layers of peptidoglycan & _____ acid.
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many; techoic
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Gram negative has (many/few) layers of peptidoglycan & _____ membrane with porins in it.
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few; outer
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Periplasmic space is found in Gram _(+/-)_
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negative
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LPS is found on Gram +/- ?
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negative
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How to do a Gram +/- Stain?
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1. Primary Stain (crystal violet)
2. Mordant (Iodine) that makes color stick better 3. Decolorize with ROH (only some cells get decolorized) 4. Counter/Secondary Stain with Safron (to color those who are gram negative & lost their color) |
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Acid Fast staining are for...
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mycobacterium that have waxy coats and don't pick up gram staining
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Simple stain
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one color over it and wash it. Stain has opposite charge to surface of cells and binds to cell.
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Differential Stain
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Medically Important, colors one part one color and another part another color.
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Negative Stain
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Stain doesn’t bind to cell it binds to the background. Stain has same charge as cell so it attaches to bg.
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TEM
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electron microscope that shows cross section of cell
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SEM
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electron microscope that shows details of cell
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