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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
kinase
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an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the terminal phosphoryl group of ATP to an acceptor compounds (ex. glucose or fructose 6-P)
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isozymes
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enzymes catalyzing the same reaction but encoded by different genes; there are several hexokinase isozymes (ex. II in myoctes and IV in liver)
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isomerases
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an enzyme that interconverts stereoisomers or positional isomers (e.g. Glu-6-P and Fru 6-P)
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mutase
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an enzyme that catalyzes the movement of a functional group from one position to another as in Glu 6-P to Glu 1-P
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bioenergetics
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quantitative study of energy transformations that occur in living cells, including the nature and function of chemical processes
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conservation of energy
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energy may change form or be transported but it cannot be created or destroyed
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entropy law of thermodynamics
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in all natural processes, the entropy of the universe increases
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autotrophs
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use CO2 as sole carbon source
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photoautotrophs
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obtain energy from sunlight
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chemoautrophs
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obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds
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heterotrophs
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use combined forms of carbon (sugars for carbon source and energy)
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coenzyme
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an organic cofactor required for action of certain enzymes. Often contains a vitamin
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monosaccharide
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single sugar
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disaccharide
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2 monosaccharides joined covalently by a glycosidic bond
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polysaccharide
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polymer of high MW containing monosaccharides linked covalently
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functions of carbohydrates
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1. energy release
2. energy storage 3. energy transport 4. cell structure 5. recognition signals |
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fates of glucose in plants and animals
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1. storage as polysaccharide
2. oxidized to pyruvate via glycolysis 3. oxidized via pentose phosphate pathway |
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importance of phosphorylation
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1. negative charge at pH 7- cannot pass membrane
2. essential for energy release in form of ATP 3. binding of P-compounds to enzymes lowers activation energy |
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pathways of biosynthesis
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1. pathway for synthesis of a biomolecule is different from pathway for its degradation
2. biosynthesis and degradatory pathways are controlled by different regulatory enzymes. Initial steps of biosynthesis are regulated 3. energy requiring biosynthetic processes are coupled to the breakdown of ATP in such a way to make the overall process irreversible |
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gluconeogenesis
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pathways for synthesis of glucose from 3-carbon precursors such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and certain amino acids
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