Mcb 61 Midterm 1, Set 1

Front 1

2001 The Space Odyssey

Back 1

1968, Arthur Clark, Stanley Kubrick, Clockwork Orange, Barry Lyndon, Dr. Strangelove, Lolita, earth to jupiter

Front 2

afferent-

Back 2

conducting towards the CNS structure- incoming communication

Front 3

amino acids

Back 3

cooh (acid group) and nh2 (amine group, can be represented as R) on a carbon

Front 4

angstrom

Back 4

angstrom is equal to, in units we are more familiar with, 10-10, or .1 nanometers.

Front 5

anion

Back 5

negatively charged ion.

Front 6

anterior

Back 6

front

Front 7

arachnoid layer

Back 7

very thin sheet of delicate connective tissue that follows the brains contours.

Front 8

astrocyte

Back 8

glial cell, star shaped, symmetrical, nutritive and support functions. Make the blood brain barrier by attaching to neurons and blood vessels.

Front 9

autonomic nervous system-

Back 9

part of the PNS that regulates the functioning of internal organs and glands. Balances the body’s internal organ’s to rest and digest through the parasympathetic (calming) nerves or to “fight or flight” through the sympathetic (arousing) nerves.

Front 10

autonomic:

Back 10

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Front 11

Axon

Back 11

root or "single fiber" of a neuron that carries messages to other neurons.

Front 12

axon collaterals

Back 12

branch of axon that branches at right angle of main axon.

Front 13

axon hillock

Back 13

base of axon at soma, where xxx process starts

Front 14

basal ganglia-

Back 14

group of nuclei in the forebrain that coordinates voluntary movements of the limbs and the body: located just beneath the neocortex and connected to the thalamus and to the midbrain. Includes caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus.

Front 15

bilayer biological membrane

Back 15

It has a hydrophilic outer edge and potato-like structures, hundreds of amino acids in some configuration. Diameter 5nm.

Front 16

bipolar neuron

Back 16

neuron with one axon and one dendrite.

Front 17

bonding properties of carbon

Back 17

like to have four bonds, bonds between carbons are stronger, any bonds not shown are hydrogen

Front 18

brain vasculature: cerebral arteries

Back 18

anterier, medial, posterior.

Front 19

brainstem-

Back 19

central structure of the brain, including hindbrain, midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus.

Front 20

carbohydrate

Back 20

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in big, long chain. Provides fuel. Sucrose is C12H22O11

Front 21

cation

Back 21

positively charged ion.

Front 22

cell membrane

Back 22

made of phospholipid bilayer- phospholipid has hydrophlic, polar head and two hydrophobic tails without polarity. Head is phosphorus, tails are hydro-carbon lipids. Only a few small molecules, like oxygen can pass through.

Front 23

cerebral cortical lobes

Back 23

frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal

Front 24

cerebral spinal fluid

Back 24

clear solution of sodium chloride and other salts that fill the ventricles inside the brain and circulates around the brain and spinal cord beneath the arachnoid laer in the subaracnoid space.

Front 25

cerebrum-

Back 25

major structure of the forebrain, consisting of two virtually identical hemispheres- The cerebrum is the most recently evolved structure in the CNS.

Front 26

chemistry of water

Back 26

two hydrogen atoms share electrons with one oxygen atom. Molecule is polar with charged parts attracted to oppositely charged parts of neighboring water molecules. Each can hydrogen bond to four.

Front 27

CNS

Back 27

central nervous system (CNS)- brain and spinal cord. central to function and location.

Front 28

corpus callosum-

Back 28

fiber system connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

Front 29

cranial nerves-

Back 29

set of 12 nerve pairs that control sensory and motor functions of the head, neck, internal organs. Go directly from brain to body- remember 3 (1. Olfactory, 2. Optic, 10. Heart, digestive, chest & abodmen.

Front 30

Darwin

Back 30

On the Origin of Species, 1859, early thinker of genetics- natural selection

Front 31

dendrite

Back 31

receive information from other cells

Front 32

dendrite

Back 32

branch of a neuron that consists of an extension of the cell membrane. Receives information.

Front 33

dendritic spine

Back 33

protrustions froma dendrite that greatly increase its surface area and is the usual pont of dendritic contact with axons. The more surface area, the more information it can intake.

Front 34

diameter of lipid bilayer (cell membrane

Back 34

5 nanometer, or 50 angstrom

Front 35

diencephalon-

Back 35

(between brain) part of prosencephanlon- thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal body, third ventricle.- coordinates basic instinctual behaviors including temperature regulation, sexual behavior, and eating.

Front 36

dimensions of molecules and cells

Back 36

small molecules ~ 5 Å = 0.5 nm, diameter of lipid-bilayer membrane ~ 50 Å = 5 nm, diameter of typical medium size protein ~ 50 Å = 5 nm, neuronal synapse gap ~ 100 nm = 1000 Å = 0.1 micrometer, bacterial cell ~ 0.1 micrometer (100 nm) to 10 micrometers (0.01 millimeter), diameter of neuronal axon ~ 0.2 to 20 micrometers, nerve cell body ~ 5 to 100 micrometers, length of neuronal axon ~ micrometers to millimeters to meters.

Front 37

dna

Back 37

deoxyribonucleic acid. Two strands of RNA combined.

Front 38

dorsal

Back 38

top, above

Front 39

dura mater

Back 39

hard mother- tough double layer of protective fibrous tissue that encloses brain and spinal cord in sack.

Front 40

efferent-

Back 40

Conducting away from a CNS structure- outgoing messages.

Front 41

elemental composition of the human body

Back 41

most- oxygen, then carbon, then hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium.

Front 42

end foot

Back 42

knob at tip of an axon that conveys inf to other neurons- also called terminal button. Close to the axon of another neuron.

Front 43

entric system

Back 43

digestive system richly integrated with lots of neurons and neurotransmitters.

Front 44

enzymes

Back 44

proteins used to build cell structures.

Front 45

ependymal

Back 45

glial cell- small, ovoid, secretes cerebrospinal fluid. Lives in ventricles.

Front 46

fat/lipid

Back 46

carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, but they tend to have a lot less oxygen than carbohydrates, mostly carbons and hydrogens. If you had a whole bunch of carbons with a bunch of hydrogens on them that would be fatty.

Front 47

forebrain-

Back 47

evolutionary newest part of the brain, coordinates advanced cognitive functions such as thinking, planning, language- contains limbic system, basal ganglia and the neocortex.

Front 48

frontal lobe-

Back 48

cerebral cortex anterior to the central sulcus and beneath the frontal bone of the skull.

Front 49

general features of vertebrate brains

Back 49

prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), rhombencephalon (hindbrain), spinal cord.the forebrain area, the cerebrum, and a kind of middle brain area which is called the optic tectum, and a rear brain area called the cerebellum, and another rear brain area, sort of a stem here labeled as medullais.

Front 50

genes

Back 50

pieces of information in dna describing how to make proteins by putting the right amino acids into a long chain in the right order.

Front 51

genus Australopithecus

Back 51

1-4 million years ago, last over 1 million years ago, first upright walkers, brain the size of modern apes.

Front 52

glial cell

Back 52

greek for glue; nervous system cells that provide help for neurons, bind them, provide nutrition, repair and protection.

Front 53

gray matter-

Back 53

areas of the nervous system composed predominantly of cell bodies and blood vessels

Front 54

gyri-

Back 54

bumps in cerebral cortex

Front 55

gyrus-

Back 55

small bumps formed by the folds in the brain.

Front 56

hindbrain-

Back 56

evolutionary oldest part of brain, contains pons, medulla, reticular formation and cerebellum- cooridintates and controls voluntary and involuntary movements.

Front 57

hominid brain evolution

Back 57

climate changes in Africa after tetonic event, great rift valley, dryness in Eastern region forced upright position to gather fruit from trees, stay cool (less surface exposed to sun), etc. drier climate became meat scavengers, brains of animals that eat fruit are larger- sensory, motor, spatial skills, memory, complex social structures, good learner/teacher. male/male, male/female, female/male relationships in humans. blood flow and cooling of blood, neotony- adults retain child-like features.

Front 58

hominid evolution

Back 58

5 million years, we are only currenlty living members of that family.

Front 59

hominoid

Back 59

human like- primates that walk upright- 5 million years

Front 60

homo habilis

Back 60

"handy human" first of genus homo, similar to australopithicus, but teeth more human, made tools

Front 61

Homo neanderthalensis

Back 61

larger brain than humans, found near Neander, Germany, hunted and used tools, lived at same time as homo sapiens. Grave sites, musical instruments, pets

Front 62

Homo sapiens

Back 62

200,000 years in Africa, 100,000 in Europe- migrated from africa. Coexisted with other hominoids until 30,000 year ago in europe and 18,000 years ago in asia. 14000 cubic cm brain

Front 63

human CNS:

Back 63

100 billion neurons, 5-10x as many glial cells

Front 64

hydrophobic, hydrophilic, lipophobic, lipophilic

Back 64

love/hate water/oil

Front 65

hypothalamus-

Back 65

diencephalon structure that contains many nuclei associated with temp. regulation, eating, drinking, sexual behavior, hormone production, etc.

Front 66

inhibition-

Back 66

a proecess by which the activity of a neuron or brain area is decreased or stopped.

Front 67

interneurons

Back 67

aka association neuron, interposed between sensory neuron and motor neuron-most of the neurones in the brain.

Front 68

ion

Back 68

atom with a net positive or negative charge.

Front 69

lateral

Back 69

side

Front 70

limbic system-

Back 70

disparate forebrain structures lying between the neocortex and brainstem that form a functional system controlling affective and motivated behaviors and certain forms of memory: includes cingulate cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, etc.

Front 71

lysomes

Back 71

sack-like vesicles that transport incoming supplies and move and store wastes.

Front 72

main elements of a cell

Back 72

oygen, carbon and hydrogen

Front 73

medial

Back 73

middle

Front 74

meninges

Back 74

dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater

Front 75

mental states

Back 75

internal subjective experiences, like our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and awareness and consciousness,

Front 76

mesencephalon-

Back 76

mid brain- vision and hearing.

Front 77

microglial

Back 77

glial cell- small, mesodermally derived, defensive function. Orinate in the blood and scavenges debris from nervous system.

Front 78

midbrain-

Back 78

central part of the brain that contains neural circuits for hearing and seeing as well as orienting movements.

Front 79

mind

Back 79

a collection of mental states. Mental states would be internal subjective experiences, like our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and awareness and consciousness. We all know what feelings are, expressions of emotion.

Front 80

mitocchondria

Back 80

cells energy plant

Front 81

molecular structures

Back 81

atoms bonded

Front 82

motor neuron

Back 82

(PNS) carry information from spinal cord and brain to make muscles contract.- govern reflect, autonomic functions, organs as well as voluntary.

Front 83

mRNA

Back 83

messanger RNA that carries bluprint from RNA to ribosomes

Front 84

multiple scleurosis

Back 84

nervous system disorder from loss of myelin around neurons.

Front 85

myelin

Back 85

formed by a glial cell made of

Front 86

neorcortex (cerebral cortex)-

Back 86

newest, outer layer of the forebrain and composed of about six layers of gray matter that creates our reality. primarily creates and responds to perceptual world.

Front 87

nerve-

Back 87

large collection of axons coursing together outside the CNS.

Front 88

nerve cell body dimenstions

Back 88

a few micrometers up to 100 micrometers.

Front 89

neuron

Back 89

nerve cell- 100 billion in brain, but less than number of glial cells in brain. Information processing unit of the nervous system.

Front 90

Niels Bohr's interest in genetics

Back 90

So what Bohr was saying was that we really want to know what life is, and if we look at a cell maybe we will see what is going on.

Front 91

nucleic acid

Back 91

largest molecule in the body, DNA is a nucleic acid

Front 92

nucleotides in dna

Back 92

adenine, cytosine, thymine, and guanine

Front 93

occipital lobe-

Back 93

cerebral cortex at the back of the brain and beneath the occipital bone.

Front 94

oligodendroglial

Back 94

glial cell- asmmetrical; forms myelin around axons in brain and spinal cord.

Front 95

paralysis

Back 95

loss of sensation and movement due to nervous system injury

Front 96

parasympathetic nervous system-

Back 96

part of the autonomic nervous system- acts in opposition to the sympathetic nervous system- preparing the body to rest and digest by reversing the alarm response or stimulating digestion. Comes from cranium and sacral. Think of exhaling- digesting, relaxing.

Front 97

parietal lobe-

Back 97

cerebral cortex posterior to the central sulcus and beneath the parietal bone at the top of the skull. Vision hemispheres. somatosensory, sensation, some auditory

Front 98

peptide bonds

Back 98

formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O). This usually occurs between amino acids. The resulting CO-NH bond is called a peptide bond, and the resulting molecule is an amide

Front 99

peripheral nervous system (PNS)-

Back 99

all the neurons in the body located outside the central nervous system. PNS: muscle, sensory, enteric, autonomic

Front 100

pia mater

Back 100

soft mother- moderately tough membrane of connective tissue fibers that cling to the brain's surface.

Front 101

polarity of molecules

Back 101

shared orbiting electrons give one molecule a pos and other a neg charge.

Front 102

polypeptide

Back 102

the family of short molecules formed from the linking, in a defined order, of various α-amino acids. The link between one amino acid residue and the next is an amide bond and is sometimes referred to as a peptide bond.

Front 103

posterior

Back 103

back

Front 104

primary, secondary, tertiary structure of proteins

Back 104

The primary structure is the identity of them all lined up, and the secondary structure is how they fold up locally into alpha helices. And then the tertiary structure is how the whole thing folds up into one big glob.

Front 105

prosencephalon-

Back 105

front brain- olfaction.

Front 106

protein

Back 106

long chain of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds. More than 50.

Front 107

proteins

Back 107

long chains of small molecules called amino acids

Front 108

reticular formation-

Back 108

midbrain area in which nuclei and fiber pathways are mixed, producing a netlike appearance; associated with sleep-wake behavior and behavior arousal.

Front 109

rhombencephalon-

Back 109

hind brain- movement and balance.

Front 110

riboxomes

Back 110

cell parts that make proteins

Front 111

rna

Back 111

riboneucleic acid- half of dna.

Front 112

schwann cell

Back 112

glial cell- asymmetrical; wraps around peripheral nerves for form myelin. Not in the CNS, in the PNS

Front 113

sensory neuron-

Back 113

(PNS) neurons that carry incoming information from sensory receptors into the spinal cord and brain. Simple, bipolar

Front 114

soma

Back 114

cell body- core region of the cell contain the nucleus and other organelles for making proteins.

Front 115

somatic nervous system-

Back 115

part of the pns that includes the cranial and spinal nerves to and from the muscles, joints, and skin that produce movement, transmit incoming sensory input, and inform the CNS about the position and movement of the body

Front 116

somatosensory neuron

Back 116

brain cell that brings sensory information from the body into the spinal cord.

Front 117

structure and properties of water

Back 117

H2O- 2 hydrogen, each sharing an electron with an oxygen. Oxygen as net negative, hydrogen is positive- polar.

Front 118

structure of neuron

Back 118

soma (cell body)(with DNA, protoplasm), dendrite, axon,

Front 119

sulci-

Back 119

grooves of cerebral cortex

Front 120

sulcus (pl. sulci)-

Back 120

a groove in brain matter, usually a groove found in the neocortex or cerebellum.

Front 121

sympathetic nervous system-

Back 121

Part of the autonomic nervous system, arouses the body for action such as mediating the involuntary fighr or flight response to alarm by incrasing heart rate and blood pressure. Inhales, dilates pupils, ejaculates.

Front 122

synapse

Back 122

junction between two neurons, usually between one endfoot and another dendritic spine.

Front 123

synapse gap size

Back 123

it is about 100nm, or .1 micrometer

Front 124

tectum-

Back 124

part of midbrain, roof area of ventricle- functions are sensory and processing, esp. visual and auditory, orienting movements.

Front 125

tegmentum-

Back 125

floor area of midbrain. collection of nuclei with movement-related, species specific, and pain-perception functions.

Front 126

telencephalon-

Back 126

end brain (part of prosencephalon)- neo cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, olfactory bulb, lateral ventricles.

Front 127

temporal lobe-

Back 127

lobe to side of head, above ear and behind eyes. Cortex lying below the lateral fissure, beneath the temporal bone at side of the skull. Largeley auditory.

Front 128

thalamus-

Back 128

diencephalon structure through which information from all sensory systems is integrated and projected into the appropriate region of the neocortex.

Front 129

tract-

Back 129

large collection of axons coursing together within the CNS.

Front 130

tumor

Back 130

mass of new tissue that grows uncontrolled and independent of surrounding structures.

Front 131

types of glial cell

Back 131

ependymal, astrocyte, oligodendroglial, schwann

Front 132

ventral

Back 132

underneath

Front 133

ventricle-

Back 133

a cavity in the brain that contains cerebral spinal fluid. four of them.

Front 134

white matter-

Back 134

areas of the nervous system rich in fat-sheatherd neural axons.