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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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microtubules |
largest diameter, tubulin based |
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neurofilaments |
intermediate diameter, only in neurons |
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microfilaments |
smallest diameter, actin based |
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neurofibrillary tangles |
tangles of tau protein, disrupts cytoskeleton |
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amyloid plaques |
accumulation so beta amyloid protein. Not associated with cytoskeleton |
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(a lot/ not a lot) protein synthesis in axon |
not a lot |
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beginning region of axon |
hillock |
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branch region of axon |
branches |
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microtubules found in (axon terminal/axon) |
axon |
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lot of mitochondria and membrane proteins found in (axon terminal/axon) |
terminal |
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what is HRP and what kind of transport does go through (anterograde/retrograde) |
retrograde |
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ways to classify neurons |
1. number of neurites 2. somatic morphology 3. dendritic morphology 4. connections within CNS 5. axonal length 6. neurotransmitter type |
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types of glia |
1. astrocytes 2. microglia 3. ependymal cells 4. oligodendrocytes 5. Schwann cells |
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what type of glia cleans up damaged neurons |
microglia |
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what type of glia line the ventricles and produce CSF |
ependymal |
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what type of glia myelinate axons in CNS and can myelinate multiple axons |
oligodendrocytes |
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what type of glia myelinate axons in PNS and can only myelinate single axons |
schwann cells |
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myelin is made 80% of what and why |
lipid for electrical insulation |
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what are nodes of ranvier |
small gaps in myelin sheath that propagates nerve impulses |
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what were Golgi's thoughts on neurons |
they were a continuous reticulum |
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who favored the neuron doctrine and what was its principles |
Cajal; neurons were fundamental units of the nervous system |
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what part of neuron doe golgi stain |
neurons entirety |
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what part of neuron does nissel stain |
RNA and nuclei |
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afferent vs efferent |
toward vs away |
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dorsal roots |
sensory input from skin, joints, muscles |
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ventral roots |
motor output to muscles |
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spinal circuits |
mediate sensory motor reflexes |
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what are the meninges in order |
Dura mater arachnoid membrane pia mater |
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what is meningitis |
inflammation of the meninges |
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what is a subdural hematoma or subarachnoid hemorage |
blood gathers in meningeal lining |
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rostral vs__ |
caudal |
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dorsal vs __ |
ventral |
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what is included in CNS |
brain and spinal cord |
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how many cranial nerves |
12 |
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alzheimers is defined by |
brain shrinkage and enlarged ventricles |
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CSF circulation |
choroid plexus-> ventricles -> subarachnoid space |
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what does choroid plexus do |
secretes CSF |
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reference potential for electrical potential |
0 |
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resting membrane potential |
60 to 70 |
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time dependent potentials |
1. receptor potential 2. action potential 3. synaptic potential |
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cation (+/-) |
+ |
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anions (+/-) |
- |
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two elements that contribute to potential difference |
concentration difference and permeability |
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what does nernst potential depend on |
ration of ion concentrations temp charge of ion |
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log review |
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K nerst potential |
-80 |
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Na nerst potenial |
62 |
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Ca2+ nerst potential |
123 |
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Cl nerst potential |
-65 |
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K is found (in/out) cell |
in |
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Na, Cl, and Ca are found (in/out) cell |
out |
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what happens in sodium potassium exchange
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Na out K in |
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what happens in calcium pump |
Ca out |
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how do astrocytes contribute to cell membrane potentials |
help put K into cell with K channels |
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tight junctions of endothelial cells make up |
blood brain barrier |
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ion pumps are (independent/dependent) of ATP |
dependent |
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what is orthodromic propagation |
spikes from soma to terminals |
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what is antidromic propagation |
spikes from terminal to soma |
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what happens at the rest part of action potential mechanism |
net current = 0 |
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what happens at the rising part of action potential mechanism |
Na channels open, Na come in |
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what happens at the peak part of action potential mechanism |
net current = 0, Na inward= K outward |
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what happens at the falling phase part of action potential mechanism |
Na channels close, outward K, hyperpolarization |
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absolute refractory period |
cant fire, NA channels inactivated |
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relative refractory period |
can fire, Na channels work |
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difference between K channels and Na channels |
K channels are non inactivating and open to delay. Na channels inactivate rapidly and opens rapidly |
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what do neurotoxins do |
block voltage fated NA channels and eliminates action potentials |
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voltage gated Na channels are concentrated at what part of the neuron |
nodes of ranvier |
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what is orthodromic propagation |
propagates in normal direction |
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what is antidromic propagation |
opposite direction of orthodromic |
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velocity (increases/decreases) with increasing axon diameter |
increases |
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guillain barre syndrome |
acute, PNS, paralysis |
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multiple sclerosis |
chronic, CNS, temporally distributed onset of symptoms |
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which is shorter: axons or dendrites |
dendrites
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most synapses fall in which category: chemical or electrical |
chemical |
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what are connexons |
part of a gap junction (a large ass pore) |
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(presynaptic/postsynaptic) potentials are smaller |
postsynaptic |
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what is ACh |
acetylcholine- neurotransmitter at NMJ |
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3 classes of neurotransmitters |
1. amino acids 2. amines 3. neuropeptides |
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neurotransmitter release requires what protein |
SNARE proteins |
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botulism disrupts what |
disrupts SNARE proteins, prevents vesicle fusion, leads to muscle paralysis |
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what are the post synaptic neurotransmitters |
1. ionotropic receptor- direction action; is a channel 2. metabotropic receptor- indirect action; interacts with channels |
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what is EPSP |
potential that depolarizes |
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what is IPSP |
potential that hyperpolarizes |
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AChE breaks down ACh into |
choline and acetate |
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if the reversal potential is greater than the action potential threshold, the synapse is (excitatory/inhibitory) |
excitatory |
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what class of neurotransmitter has GABA, glutamate, glycine, and aspartate |
amino acids |
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what class of neurotransmitter has ACh, DA, NE, wpinephrine, serotonin and histamine |
amines |
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what class of neurotransmitter anything ending in -ergic |
peptides |
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The cells bodies of neurons typically contain more rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) than do the cell bodies of glial cells. (T/F) |
T |
