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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Self-concept |
The sum of the ways in which we describe ourselves: in the present, who we used to be, and who we might be in the future |
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Identities |
Individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong. Religious affiliation, sexual orientation, and ethics and national affiliations are examples of identities |
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Self-esteem |
Describes our evaluation of ourselves. Generally, the closer our actual self is to our ideal self, and our ought self, the higher our self-esteem |
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Ideal self |
Who we want to be |
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Ought self |
Who others want us to be |
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Self-efficacy |
The degree to which we see ourselves as being capable at a given skill or in a given situation. When placed in a constantly hopeless scenario; Can be determined to the point where learned helplessness results |
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Locus of control |
Self-evaluation that refers to the way we characterize the influence in our lives. People with an internal locus of control see their success and failures as a result of their own characteristics and actions, while those with an external locus of control perceive outside factors as having more of an influence in their lives |
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Freud's psychosexual stages of personality development are based on tension caused by (1) Failure at at stage leads to (2) (2) causes (3) |
1)Libido 2)Fixation 3) Personality disorders |
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Freud's phases (1) are based on (2) that are the focus of each phase of development |
1)Oral, anal, phallic[Oedipal], latent, and genital 2)erogenous zones |
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Erickson's stage of psychological development stem from conflicts that occur throughout life. What are the conflicts? Why do these conflicts occur? |
Trust vs mistrust Autonomy vs shame and doubt Initiative vs guilt Industry vs inferiority Identity vs role confusion Intimacy vs isolation Generativity vs stagnation Integrity vs dispar Results from the decisions we are forced to make about ourselves and the environment around us at each stage of our lives |
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Kohlberg's stage of development How many stages stages did he think we progressed through? |
Describes the approach of individuals to resolving moral dilemmas 6 stages that are divided into three phases: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional |
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Vygotsky described development of... |
Language, culture, and skills |
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Zone of proximal development |
An idea proposed by Vygotsky which describes those skills that a child has not yet mastered and requires a more knowledgeable other to accomplish |
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Imitation and role-taking |
Common ways children learn from other. They First reproduce the behaviors of role models, and later learn to see the perspectives of others and practice taking on new roles |
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Our self-concept depends in part on (1) Describe (1) |
Reference group- the group which we compare ourselves |
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Psychoanalytic perspective |
Views personality as resulting from unconscious urges and desires |
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Name and describe Freud's theories in relation to psychoanalytic perspective. |
Id- base urges of survival and repudiation Superego- the idealist and perfectionist Ego- the mediator between the two and conscious mind. Make use of defensive mechanisms to reduce stress caused by the urges in the id and the superego |
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What did Jung think linked all humans together? How did he view personality? |
Collective unconscious They're influenced by archetypes |
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How did Adler and Horney view the unconscious? |
It's motivated by social rather than sexual urges |
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Humanistic perspective |
Emphasizes The individual feeling of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self-realization |
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Rodger's therapeutic approach of unconditional positive reward flow from what type of view of personality? |
Humanistic |
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What do type and trait theorist believe? |
Personality can be described as a number of identifiable traits that carry character behaviors |
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What are the traits Eysencks identified that could be used to describe all individuals? |
Psychoticism (nonconformity) Extraversion (tolerance for social interaction and simulation ) Neuroticism (arousal in stressful situations) |
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Allport identified 3 basic traits. Name and describe them. |
Cardinal traits- the traits around which a person organizes his or her life, not everyone develops this Central traits- represents major characteristics of the personality Secondary traits- more personal characteristics and are limited in occurrence |
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What type of personality trait did McClelland identify? |
The need for achievement (N-Arch) |
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Social cognitive perspective |
Individuals interact with their environment in a cycle called reciprocal determinism. People mold their environment according to their personalities, and those environments in turn shape our thoughts, feelings, and behavior |
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Behaviorist perspective (based on the concept of operant conditioning) |
Personality can be described as the behaviors on has learned from prior rewards and punishments |
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Biological theorist |
Claims that behavior can be explained as a result of genetic expression |
