Mcat: Psychology Ch1

Front 1

Neuropsychology

Back 1

The study of the connection between the nervous system and behavior. It most often focuses on the function of various brain regions

Hint 1

Break it down

Front 2

What's the study of the connection between the nervous system and behavior?

Back 2

Neuropsychology

Front 3

What are the types of neurons in the nervous system?

Back 3

Sensory(afferent)

Motor(efferent)

Interneurons

Front 4

Reflex arcs

Back 4

Uses the ability of interneurons in the spinal cord to relay information to the source of stimuli while simultaneously routing it to the brain

Front 5

What relays information to a stimuli and concurrently sends the information to the brain?

Back 5

Reflex arcs

Front 6

What makes up the nervous system?

Back 6

Central nervous system-brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system-most cranial and spinal nerve

Front 7

Explain each division of the peripheral nervous system.

Back 7

Somatic- voluntary

Autonomic- Automatic;

Divided into 2 sections:

Parasympathetic-rest and digest

Sympathetic-fight or flight

Front 8

Describe the subdivisions of the brain.

Back 8

Hindbrain- cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and reticular formation

Midbrain- inferior and superior colliculi

Forebrain- thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system, and cerebral cortex

Front 9

Describe The methods to study the brain.

Back 9

Studying humans and animals with lessons

Electrical stimulation and activity recording (EEG & regional cerebral blood flow)

Front 10

Describe the thalamus. What part of the brain is this?

Back 10

Relay station for sensory information

Forebrain

Front 11

What's the relay station for sensory information?

Back 11

Thalamus

Front 12

Describe the hypothalamus. What part of the brain is this?

Back 12

Maintains homeostasis and integrates with the endocrine system through the hypophyseal portal system that connects to the anterior pituitary

Forebrain

Front 13

What keeps homeostasis going?

Back 13

Hypothalamus

Front 14

Describe the basal ganglia. What part of the brain is this?

Back 14

Smoothens movements and help maintain postural stability

Forebrain

Front 15

What smoothens movements and helps maintain postural stability?

Back 15

Basal ganglia

Front 16

Describe the limbic system. What part of the brain is this?

Back 16

Contains the septal nuclei, amygdala, and hippocampus, controls emotion and memory

Forebrain

Front 17

What controls emotion and memory?

Back 17

Limbic system

Front 18

Septal nuclei

Back 18

Involved with feelings of pleasure, pleasure-seeking behavior, and addiction

Front 19

What is involved with feelings of pleasure? What system is it in?

Back 19

Septal nuclei

Limbic system

Front 20

Amygdala

Back 20

Controls fear & aggression

Front 21

What controls fear and aggression? What system is it in?

Back 21

Amygdala

Limbic system

Front 22

Hippocampus

Back 22

Consolidates memories and communicates with other parts of the limbic system through an extension called the fernix

Front 23

Fernix

Back 23

An extension used by the hippocampus to communicate with other parts of the limbic system

Front 24

Explain each division of the cerebral cortex.

Back 24

Frontal lobe- controls executive function, impulse control, long-term planning, motor functions, and speech production

Parietal lobe- controls sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain; spatial processing; orientation; and manipulation

Occipital lobe- controls visual processing

Temporal lobe- controls sound processing, speech perception, memory, and emotion

Front 25

How many central hemispheres is in the brain? Name them. Which is dominate for language?

Back 25

2

Left and right

Left

Front 26

Neurotransmitters

Back 26

Released by neurons to carry a signal to another neuron or effector

Front 27

Acetylcholine

Back 27

A type of neurotransmitter used by somatic nervous system (to move muscles), the parasympathetic nervous sysytem, and the central nervous system (for alertness)

Front 28

Dopamine

Back 28

A type of neurotransmitter that maintains smooth movements and steady posture

Front 29

Endorphins

Back 29

A type of neurotransmitter that acts as a pain killer

Front 30

Enkephalins

Back 30

A type of neurotransmitter that acts as a painkillers

Front 31

Epinephrine

Back 31

A type of neurotransmitter that maintains wakefulness and alertness, and mediate flight or fight responses; acts as a hormone; released by the adrenal medulla and cause psychological changes associated with sympathetic nervous system

Front 32

Norepinephrine

Back 32

A type of neurotransmitter that maintains wakefulness and alertness, and mediate flight or fight responses; tends to act more like a neurotransmitter; released by the adrenal medulla and cause psychological changes associated with sympathetic nervous system

Front 33

y-aminobutryric acid (GABA)

Back 33

A type of neurotransmitter that acts as brain stabilizers

Front 34

Glycine

Back 34

A type of neurotransmitter that acts as a brain stabilizer

Front 35

Glutamate

Back 35

A type of neurotransmitter that acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain

Front 36

Serotonin

Back 36

A type of neurotransmitter that modulates mood, sleep patterns, eating patterns, and dreaming

Front 37

Endocrine system

Back 37

Tied to the nervous system through hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, and few other hormones

Front 38

Cortisol

Back 38

A stress hormone released by the adrenal complex that's a part of the endocrine system

Front 39

Testosterone

Back 39

A hormone made by the adrenal complex wich is a part of the endocrine system that mediates libido, increases aggressive behavior, and produced in the testes

Front 40

Estrogen

Back 40

A hormone made by the adrenal complex wich is a part of the endocrine system that mediates libido and are produced in the ovaries

Front 41

Nature vs Nurture

Back 41

Debate regarding relative contributions of genetics(nature) and environment(nurture) to traits. Effects of each can be studied

Front 42

Family studies

Back 42

Looks at relative frequency of a trait a family compared to the general population

Front 43

Twin studies

Back 43

Compares concordance rates between monozygotic(identically) and dizygotic(fraternal) twins

Front 44

Adoption studies

Back 44

Compares similarities between adopted kids and their adoptive parents vs biological parents

Front 45

Nervous system develops through...

Describe that

Back 45

Neurolation

The notochord stimulates overlapping ectoderm to fold over, creating a neural tube topped with neural crest cells

Front 46

Neural tube

Back 46

Becomes the central nervous system

Front 47

Neural crest

Back 47

Cells spread out throughout the body, differentiating into many different tissues

Front 48

Primitive reflexes

Back 48

Exist in infants and should disappear with age. (served a protective role); can reappear in certain nervous system disorders

Front 49

Rooting reflex

Back 49

A type of primitive reflex in infants where they turn their head towards anything that brushes the cheek

Front 50

Moro reflex

Back 50

A type of primitive reflex in infants where they extend the arms, then slowly retracts them and cries in response to a sensation of falling

Front 51

Babinski's reflex

Back 51

A type of primitive reflex in infants where the big toe is extended and other toes fan in response to the brushing of the sole if the foot

Front 52

Grasping reflex

Back 52

A type of primitive reflex in infants where the infant grabs anything put in their hands

Front 53

Most kids deviate from milestones by how many months?

Back 53

1-2

Front 54

Gross and fine motors abilities progress...

Back 54

Head to toe and core to periphery

Front 55

Social skills shift from...

Back 55

Parent-oriented to self-oriented to other-oriented

Front 56

Language skills become....Complex

Back 56

Increasingly