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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 2 elements that typically contain less than an octet
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Boron (B)
Beryllium (Be) |
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from what periods do atoms with more than an octet come from
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3rd row or higher (d subshell available)
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the index of hydrogen deficiency is the same as
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degree of unsaturation (indicates # of hydrogens needed to become a saturated alkane)
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what occurs in coordinate covalent bonds
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one atom donates both electrons
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pi bonds prevent ___
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rotation
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when is a molecule polar
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when it has a dipole moment
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what is an induced dipole
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polar molecule or ion creates an e-field that separates the negative and positive charges
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what is an instantaneous dipole moment
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electrons within atoms cause a temporary dipole b/c they are moving around in orbital
(can cause dipoles btwn identical atoms) |
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what is the weakest dipole-dipole bond
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London Dispersion Forces (due to instantaneous dipoles)
H2------H2 |
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how many carbons are in backbone for gas compared to liquid
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fewer than 4 carbons for gas
-any more is a liquid |
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what defines a chiral carbon
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a carbon bonded to 4 different substituents
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what is a conformational isomer
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molecule with same molecular formula but different spatial orientation
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what is a structural isomer
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same molecular formula, different bond to bond connectivity
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how substituents can differ in two molecules with same relative configuration
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ONE
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what are stereoisomers
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same molecular formula
same bond to bond connectivity |
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two types of stereoisomers
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enantiomers
diastereomers |
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what are enantiomers
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mirror images of each other
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what are diastereomers
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NOT miror images of each other
-not the same compound |
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what is important to know about cis and trans geometric isomers for the MCAT
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cis = dipole
trans = no dipole |
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what is the formula for the maximum number of optically active isomers
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2^n
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what is a racemic mixture
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mixture with both enantiomers
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what type of stereoisomer can be separated by physical means (such as crystallization)
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diastereomer
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