Mcat Hormones

Front 1

releasing and inhibiting factors

Back 1

HYPOTHALAMUS

peptides

targets anterior pituitary

modifies anterior pituitary activity

Front 2

growth hormone (GH)

Back 2

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

peptide

increases bone and muscle growth, increases cell turnover rate; metabolic, growth of skeletal muscle and long bones, determines final size

Front 3

hypo secretion of GH as child

Back 3

pituitary dwarfism

Front 4

hyper secretion of GH as child

Back 4

gigantism

Front 5

hyper secretion of GH as adult

Back 5

acromegaly

Front 6

prolactin

Back 6

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

peptide

targets the mammary gland

stimulates milk production

Front 7

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Back 7

TROPIC ANTERIOR PITUITARY

peptide

targets the thyroid gland

increases the synthesis and release of thyroid hormone (TH); influences growth and activity of thyroid gland

Front 8

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Back 8

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

peptide

regulates endocrine activity of adrenal cortex; increases growth and secretory activity of adrenal cortex

Front 9

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 9

GONADOTROPIC ANTERIOR PITUITARY

peptide

targets ovaries and testes

causes ovulation and testosterone production

Front 10

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 10

GONADOTROPIC ANTERIOR PITUITARY

peptide

targets ovaries and testes

causes follicle development in ovaries and spermatogenesis (sperm formation) in testes

Front 11

hypo secretion of LH and FSH

Back 11

sterility

Front 12

hyper secretion of LH and FSH

Back 12

multiple births

Front 13

antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)

Back 13

POSTERIOR PITUITARY

peptide

targets kidneys

causes kidneys to absorb more water, decreases urine output and increases blood volume; inhibits/prevents urine production

Front 14

inhibition of ADH

Back 14

alcohol inhibits antidiuretic hormone; leads to dehydration and increased urine output

Front 15

hypo secretion of ADH

Back 15

diabetes insipidus

Front 16

oxytocin

Back 16

POSTERIOR PITUITARY

peptide

targets the breast and uterus

causes milk production and uterine contractions

Front 17

pitocin

Back 17

synthetic form of oxytocin used to induce or speed up labor

Front 18

thyroid hormone (TH, thyroxine)

Back 18

THYROID

modified amino acid

made of 2 hormones: thyroxine and triiodothyronine

major metabolic hormone, controls rate glucose is converted, important in normal growth and development, targets every cell

Front 19

thyroid hormone in children

Back 19

necessary for physical and mental development

Front 20

thyroid hormone in adults

Back 20

increases metabolic rate and temperature

Front 21

goiter

Back 21

thyroid hormone requires iodine from diet, if not enough iodine goiter forms

Front 22

hypo secretion of thyroid hormone in kids

Back 22

cretinism = dwarfism and metnal retardation

Front 23

hypo secretion of thyroid hormone in adults

Back 23

myxedema = sluggishness, fatigue, obesity, low temperature

Front 24

hyper secretion of thyroid hormone

Back 24

high metabolic rate, rapid heartbeat, heat intolerance, weight loss, agitation, bulging eyes

Front 25

calcitonin

Back 25

THYROID, THYROID C CELLS

peptide

targets bone, kidney

decreases calcium

causes a decrease in blood calcium by causing calcium to be deposited into bones; released directly into blood in response to increasing levels of blood calcium

production decreases w/ increasing age

antagonist of parathyroid hormone

Front 26

parathyroid hormone (PTH, parathormone)

Back 26

PARATHYROIDS

peptide

targets bone, kidney, small intestine

increases calcium

when calcium levels low, stimulates bone destruction to breakdown bone matrix and release calcium into blood; stimulates kidneys and intestines to absorb more calcium

Front 27

hyper secretion of parathyroid hormone

Back 27

massive bone destruction, fragile bones, spontaneous fractures

Front 28

thymosin

Back 28

THYMUS

peptide

*in children only*

causes development of normal immune system and T cell development during childhood

Front 29

epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Back 29

ADRENAL MEDULLA

modified amino acid; catecholamine

sympathetic stress response, rapid

very similar in effects, only different in target receptors

Front 30

cortisone and cortisol (glucocorticoids)

Back 30

ADRENAL CORTEX

steroids

promotes cellular metabolism and resists long term stressors and reduces inflammation and edema

longer term stress response; increases blood glucose concentration; increases protein catabolism; decreases inflammation and immunity

Front 31

aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)

Back 31

ADRENAL CORTEX

targets kidneys

increases sodium reabsorption to increase blood pressure

regulates mineral and salt content of blood and water and electrolyte balance

Front 32

sex steroids

Back 32

ADRENAL CORTEX

androgen - male sex steroid

estrogen - female sex steroid

Front 33

adrenal tumor

Back 33

sex steroids can be overproduced and cause masculinization or feminization

Front 34

hypo secretion of aldosterone

Back 34

addison's disease = bronze skin, H2O and sodium loss, weak muscles, shock

Front 35

hyper secretion of aldosterone

Back 35

hyperaldosteronism = excessive water and sodium retention; elevated blood pressure and edema; loss of potassium that affects muscle and heart function

Front 36

insulin

Back 36

PANCREAS (islets of Langerhans); B CELLS SECRETE

peptide

decreases blood glucose concentration; increases glycogen and fat storage

released by pancreas when glucose high; when blood sugar levels drop, insulin release stops

Front 37

type I diabetes

Back 37

body does not produce insulin, fixed with injections and pump

Front 38

type 2 diabetes

Back 38

insulin receptors unable to respond, fixed with special diet and exercise and injections if needed

Front 39

glucagon

Back 39

ENDOCRINE PANCREAS (Islets of Langerhans) ALPHA CELLS SECRETE

peptide

increases blood glucose concentration; decreases glycogen and fat storage

antagonist of insulin

targets liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood

Front 40

somatostatin (SS)

Back 40

PANCREAS (islets of Langerhans) D CELLS SECRETE

peptide

secreted by D-cells in the pyloric antrum and the duodenum

inhibits many digestive processes

Front 41

testosterone

Back 41

TESTES

steroid

promotes male sex characteristics; necessary for sperm production

Front 42

hypo secretion of testosterone

Back 42

sterility

Front 43

estrogen

Back 43

OVARIES / PLACENTA

steroid

promotes female sex characteristics; promotes menstrual cycle (endometrial growth) and development of breasts

Front 44

progesterone

Back 44

OVARIES / PLACENTA

steroid

acts w/ estrogen to bring about menstrual cycle (endometrial secretion); keeps muscles of uterus quiet during pregnancy

Front 45

atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

Back 45

HEART

peptide

targets the kidneys

increases urination to decrease blood pressure

Front 46

erythropoietin

Back 46

KIDNEYS

peptide

targets bone marrow

increases red blood cell production

Front 47

melatonin

Back 47

PINEAL GLAND

regulates sleep / wake and day / night cycles; coordinates fertility hormones; inhibits reproductive system development and sexual maturation before adult body size reached

Front 48

relaxin*

Back 48

PLACENTA

hormone that relaxes pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis to widen the pelvis during delivery

*not on mcat list

Front 49

human placental lactogen (hPL)*

Back 49

PLACENTA

works with estrogen and progesterone to prepare breasts for lactation

*not on mcat list

Front 50

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)*

Back 50

PLACENTA

produced by developing embryo and fetal portion of placenta to continue estrogen and progesterone production

keeps the uterine lining intact

*not on mcat list