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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Structure of a Virus:
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capsid, nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA...can't be both), and lipid-rich protein envelope for some
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Structure of a bacteriophage:
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tail, base plate, and tail fibers for most.
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Viruses are very small...
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smaller than bacteria
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Bacterium are about the size of?
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mitochondrion
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Lysogenic Infection:
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The Viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome. Can lay dormant until activated by stress. Examples of stress: carcinogens or ultra violet light.It is a longer cycle than the lytic cycle.
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Lytic Infection
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Takes over the cell's reproductive machinery and makes new viruses.
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Latent Period:
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Time between infection and lysis.
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Steps of adsorption and Injection of a virus:
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Landing, Attachment, Tail Contraction, Penetration and Injection.
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A virion may contain:
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a capsid, an envelope made from a phospholipid bilayer, and core proteins. But never Both DNA and RNA.
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Prior to infecting a bacterium, a bacteriophage must:
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The first step is the attachment of the phage tail to a specific receptor on the host cell membrane. The capsid does not enter the host cell.
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Most Viruses that infect animals:
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Enter the host cell via endocytosis.
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Viruses most closely resemble:
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parasites
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A bacteriophage is easily recognizable due to:
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tail and fibers
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What would never be found in the capsid of a virion?
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Ribosomes
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Prokaryotes:
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Do not have a membrane bound nucleus. Split into two domains: Bacteria and Archaea;
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Archaea and Bacteria are Prokaryotes
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Archaea have similarities to Eukaryotes.
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Fixing CO2
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Reducing t and using the carbon to create organic molecules usually through a process called the Calvin Cycle.
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Autotrophs
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Organisms capable of using CO2 as their sole source of carbon.
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Heterotrophs
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Use preformed, organic molecules as their source of carbon.
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Phototrophs
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Organisms that use light as their energy source.
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Chemotrophs
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Those that use oxidation of organic or inorganic matter.
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Prokaryotes is:
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Simpler than that of eukaryotes. They don't have a nucleus and eukaryotes always have at least 1.
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nucleoid
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the DNA, RNA, and protein complex in prokaryotes.
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Recognize that the name of bacteria often reveals the shape:
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spiroplama, staphylococcus or pneumococcus.
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cocci
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round
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bacilli
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rod shaped
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Prokaryotes lack a nuclues
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Don't contain any complex, membrane-bound organelles. Do contain: ribosomes, nucleoid, mesosomes.
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Plasma Membrae
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Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds cytosol of nearly all prokaryotes.
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Phospholipid is composed of:
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phosphate group, two fatty acids, and a glycerol backbone. Ampipathic: fatty acids=non polar; phosphate group=polar
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Micelle
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When amipathic molecules are placed in water, their polar ends are pointed toward solution and nonpolar toward each other.
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Integral or Intrinsic Proteins
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Ampipathic Proteins that traverse the membrane from the inside to the ouside of a cell
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Fluie Mosaic Model
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A model used to conceptualise cell membranes, in it, the membranes are described as a structually and functionally asymmetric lipid bilayer studded with embedded proteins that aid in cross-membrane transport.
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Passive Diffusion
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depends on lipid solubility: are you nonpolar enough to slide through bilayer? and size: can u fit through the cracks of the integral proteins?
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If you are big and polar
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Must go through by faciliated diffusion: a helper protein to open up a space designed just for you.
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Active Transport
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Only can it make something Move against electrochemical gradient: doesn't matter if big, small, polar or nonpolar...needs active transport
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Gram-Positive Bacteria:
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its thick peptidoglycan cell wall prevents the gram stain from leaking out. These cells show up purple.
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Gram-Negative Bacteria:
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Appear Pink when gram stained. Thin cell walls allow the gram stained to be washed out.
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Flagella
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Long, hollow, rigid, helical cylinders made from a globular protein.
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Bacterial Reproduction: can't reproduce sexually
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Genetic recombination: conjugation, transformation, and transduction. and Binary diffusion
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Conjugation
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Uses plasmids transferred through the sex plasmid which is a hollow tube that connects the two dna.
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R Plasmid
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provides different resistances to antibiotics
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F plasmid or F factor
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if the F factor is in the chromosome some or all of the chromosome can be replicated and transferred.
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Transformation
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the process by which bacteria may incorpoarte DNA from their environment into their genome.
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Structures that can be found in prokaryotes:
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cell wall contains peptidoglycan, ribosomes, and a plasma membrane without cholesterol.
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Transduction
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The transfer of DNA via a virus
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The lipopolysaccharide layer outside the peptidoglycan cell wall of a gram negative bacterium:
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protects the bacterium against certain antibodies.
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Fungi
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eukaryotic Heterotrophs and spend most of their lives in the haploid state. They can reproduce sexually or asexually.
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Asexual
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budding, in which a smaller cell pinches off from a parent cell
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sexual fungi reproductionm
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occurs between hyphae from two mycelia of different mating types:+ and -
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Fungi
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Digest their food outside their body, heterotrophs, cells like humans
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