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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cardiovascular system |
1. heart
2. blood 3. blood vessels |
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Systemic circulation
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1. left ventricle
2. aorta 3. arteries 4. capillaries 5. venules 6. veins 7. superior & inferior vena cava 8. right atrium |
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Pulmonary circulation
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1. right ventricle
2. pulmonary arteries 3. pulmonary veins 4. left atrium |
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closed circulatory system
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since there are no openings for blood to leave vessels
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left ventricle
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contacts with most force to propel blood through systemic circulation
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heart
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large muscle
unlike skeletal muscle it is not connected to bone fibers form a net which contracts upon itself, squeezing blood into arteries systole: ventricles contract diastole: relaxation of entire heart and contraction of atria contraction of heart propels blood via hydrostatic pressure |
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Sinoatrial node (SA node)
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group of specialized cardiac muscle cells that automatically contracts heart
rate of contractions is controlled by autonomic nervous system, however the ANS does not initiate the contracts located in right atrium, contracts by itself in regular intervals pace of SA node is faster than normal heartbeats |
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electrical synapses
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made from gap junctions
spread contractions to surrounding cardiac muscles |
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vagus nerve
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parasympathetic nervous system
innervates SA node to slow contractions |
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Atrioventricular node (AV node)
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located in wall of cardiac muscle between atria
action potential of SA node spreads to AV node slower to contract, which creates a delay and allows atria to finish contracting before ventricles begin contraction |
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bundle of His
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action potential travels from AV node to bundle of His
conductive fibers located in wall separating ventricles |
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purkinje fibers
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action potential travels from bundle of his and branches out through ventricular fibers via purkinje fibers
conductive fibers allow for more unified, stronger contraction |
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arteries
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elastic and stretchable
wrapped in smooth muscles, innervated by SNS epinephrine is vasoconstrictor causing arteries to narrow larger arteries have less smooth muscle per volume than medium sized arteries and are less affected by SNS innervation medium sized arteries constrict enough to SNS stimulation to reroute blood |
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arterioles
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very small
wrapped by smooth muscle constriction of arterioles can be used to regulate blood pressure and rerouting blood |
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capillaries
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microscopic blood vessels
walls are only 1 cell thick and diameter is equal to single red blood cell nutrient and gas exchange with any tissue other than vascular tissue takes place only across capillary walls (not across arterioles or venules) |
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4 methods of material to cross capillary walls
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1. pinocytosis
2. diffusion or transport through capillary cell membranes 3. movement through pores in cells called fenestrations 4. movement through space between cells |
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Capillary net fluid flow
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found close to all cells of body
as blood flows into capillary, hydrostatic pressure is greater than osmotic pressure, thus net fluid flow is out of capillary into interstitium osmotic pressure remains constant throughout capillary hydrostatic pressure drops from arteriole end to venule end osmotic pressure overcomes hydrostatic pressure at venule end of capillary and net fluid flow is into capillary and out of interstitium net result of fluid exchange by capillaries is 10% loss of fluid to interstitium |
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venules and veins
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similar in structure to arterioles and arteries
lumen is larger than comparable arteries contain greater volume of blood than arteries and arterioles veins/venules/venus sinuses hold about 64% blood of body at rest, act as reservoir for flood, compared to arteries/arterioles/capillaries which hold 20% of blood |
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Cross-sectional area
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veins is 4X that of arteries
capillaries >>> arteries or veins since blood volume flow rate is constant, blood velocity is inversely proportional to cross-sectional area blood moves slowest through capillaries |
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blood pressure
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increases near the heart
decreases to its lowest in capillaries |
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blood velocities
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blood flow:
Q = Av velocity is greatest in arteries where cross-sectional area is smallest velocity is lowest in capillaries where cross-sectional area is largest |
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blood flow
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arteries carry blood away from heart
veins carry blood toward heart |
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Respiratory system
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provides path for gas exchange between external environment and blood
1. nose 2. pharynx 3. larynx 4. trachea 5. bronchi 6. bronchioles 7. alveoli 8. blood |
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diaphragm
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contraction signaled by medulla oblongata of midbrain
skeletal muscle, innervated by phrenic nerve relaxed: dome-shaped, chest cavity shrinks, elasticity of lungs and increased pressure in chest cavity forces air out contracted: flattened, expanding chest cavity, creating negative gauge pressure pushing air into lungs Patm forces air into lungs |
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nasal cavity
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space inside nose
air: 1. filters 2. moistens 3. warms |
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coarse hair
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from of nasal cavity
traps large dust particles |
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mucus
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secreted by goblet cells
traps smaller dust particles moistens air |
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capillaries
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within nasal cavity
warm air |
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cilia
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moves mucus and dust back toward pharynx
removed by spitting or swallowing |
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pharynx
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throat
functions as passageway for food and air |
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larynx
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voice box
sits behind epiglottis if nongaseous food enters larynx, coughing reflex is triggered forcing material back out contains vocal cords |
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epiglottis
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near larynx
cartilaginous member that prevents food from entering trachea during swallowing |
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trachea
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windpipe
lies in front of esophagus composed of ringed cartilage covered by ciliated mucous cells, which collect dust and usher it toward pharynx splits into 2, left and right bronchi, before entering lungs |
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bronchi
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2, left and right bronchi
each branches many times to become bronchioles |
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bronchioles
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terminate in grape-like clusters called alveolar sacs composed of tiny alveoli
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alveoli
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oxygen diffuses into capillary where it's picked up by red blood cells
RBC release CO2, which diffuses into alveolus and is expelled upon exhalation |
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cilia location
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1. respiratory tract
2. fallopian tubes 3. ependymal cells of spinal cord made up of microtubules problem with microtubule production might result in problems: 1. breathing 2. fertility 3. circulation of cerebrospinal fluid |
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Air: Gas Exchange
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inhaled air: 79% N and 21% O
exhaled air: 79% N, 16% O and 5% CO2 partial pressure O inside lungs: 110 mm Hg partial pressure CO2 inside lungs: 40 mm Hg thus, O diffuses into capillaries and CO2 diffuses into alveoli |
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hemoglobin
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protein that rapidly and reversibly binds 98% O in blood inside erythrocytes forming oxyhemoglobin
composed of 4 polypeptide subunits, each with 1 heme cofactor (organic molecule with 1 atom of Fe at its center) each Fe atom can bind 1 O2 molecule cooperativity: as 1 O2 binds 1 Fe, it accelerates O2 binding of other Fe as 1 O2 release 1 Fe, it accelerates O2 release of other Fe |
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oxyhemoglobin
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O bound hemoglobin
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oxygen dissociation curve
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in arteries, room air, O saturation is 97%
as O2 pressure increases, O2 saturation of hemoglobin increases sigmoidally small fluctuations in O pressure have little effect on O saturation of hemoglobin O saturation of Hb depends: 1. CO2 pressure 2. pH 3. temperature of blood shifted to right (lowering Hb affinity for O): increase in CO2 pressure, H+ concentration or temperature CO has greater affinity for Hb than O, however shifts curve to left |
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CO2 carried by blood in 3 forms
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1. physical solution
2. bicarbonate ion (10X more CO2) 3. carbamino compounds (combined with Hb and other proteins) O pressure in tissues is 40 mm Hg As blood moves through systemic capillaries, O diffuses to tissues and CO2 diffuses to blood |
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carbonic anhydrase
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enzyme that governs bicarbonate ion formation (reversible reaction)
CO2 + H2O --> HCO3- + H+ inside RBC (not in plasma) |
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Chloride Shift
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carbonic anhydrase is inside RBC (not plasma)
when CO2 absorbed in lung, bicarbonate ion diffuses into cell to balance electrostatic forces, chlorine moves out of cell |
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CO2 & breathing rate
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acidosis (too much acid in blood): increasing breathing rate, expelling CO2, raising pH of blood
exercise, leads to increase CO2 and decrease pH |
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lymphatic system
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collects excess interstitial fluid and returns it to blood
removed proteins and large particles that cannot be taken up by capillaries recycles interstitial fluid and monitors blood for infection tissues are drained by lymphatic vessels, except CNS |
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open system
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lymph system
fluid enters at one end and leaves at another once inside, particles cannot push their way out |
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interstitial fluid pressure
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slightly negative gauge pressure
as it rises towards zero, lymph flow increases factors: 1. blood pressure 2. plasma osmotic pressure 3. interstitial osmotic pressure 4. capillary permeability |
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lymph fluid flow
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intermittent valves allow for fluid flow in only 1 direction
propelled through valves: 1. smooth muscles contraction when stretched 2. squeezed by adjacent skeletal muscles, body movements, arterial pulsations and compression from object outside body greater in active individual than individual at rest |
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thoracic duct & right lymphatic duct
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large veins in which lymph system empties
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lymph nodes
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secondary lymph tissue
contain large quantities of lymphocytes throughout lymphatic system |
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Blood
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connective tissue, contains cells and matrix
regulates extracellular environment of body by transporting nutrients, waster products, hormones and heat protects body from injury and foreign invaders separates into 3 parts: 1. plasma 2. buffy coat (WBC) 3. RBC |
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hematocrit
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% by volume of RBC
normally 30-50% greater in men than women |
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plasma
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contains matrix of blood
includes: water, ions, urea, ammonia, proteins and organic/inorganic compounds proteins: albumin, immunoglobulins and clotting factors |
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albumins
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transport fatty acids and steroids
regulate osmotic pressure of blood |
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immunoglobulins
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antibodies
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serum
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plasma in which clotting protein fibrinogen is removed
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erythrocytes
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RBC
like bags of Hg no organelles, no nucleus, do not reproduce, do not undergo mitosis disk-shaped vesicles main function is transport O and CO2 squeezing through capillaries wears out plasma membranes every 120 days, causing them to burst in liver or spleen |
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leukocytes
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WBC
contain organelles, but do not contain Hg function to protect body from foreign invaders |
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Stem cell
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blood cell precursor residing in bone marrow
blood cells differentiate from this precursor |
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platelets
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small portions of membrane-bound cytoplasm torn from megakaryocytes
tiny cells without nucleus, contain actin and myosin membrane is designed to adhere to injured endothelium and to each other, forming loose platelet plug half-life of 8-12 days in blood |
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coagulation
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involves many factors starting with platelets and including plasma proteins prothrombin and fibrin
1. dozen or so coagulation factors form complex called protrombin activator 2. protrombin activator catalyzes converstion of prothrombin (plasma protein) into thrombin 3. thrombin is enzyme that governs polymerization of plasma protein fibrinogen to fibrin threats that attach to platelets and form tight plug appears in seconds after small injuries and 1-2 minutes after large injuries |
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immune system
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protects from infectious microbes and toxins in 2 ways:
1. innate immune system 2. acquired immunity |
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innate immune system
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1. skin act as barrier to organisms and toxins
2. stomach acid and digestive enzymes destroy ingested organisms and toxins 3. phagocytotic cells 4. chemicals in blood |
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inflammation
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results with injury to tissue
includes: 1. dilation of blood vessels 2. increased premeability of capillaries 3. swelling of tissue cells 4. migration of granulocytes and macrophages to inflamed area causative agents: 1. injury 2. histamine 3. prostaglandins 4. lymphokines wall-off effected tissue and local lymph vessels from rest of body, impeding spread of infection |
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acquired immunity
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1. humoral (B-cell) immunity
2. cell-mediated (T-cell) immunity |
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humoral immunity
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promoted by B lymphocytes, which differentiate and mature in bone marrow and liver
B cell capable of making single type of antibody (immunoglobulin) which displays on membrane |
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antibody
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immunoglobulin
made by B cell 1. recognized foreign particles 2. cause B cell differentiation to plasma cells and memory cells 3. cause mast cells to release histamine 4. activate complement 5. mark for phagocytosis 6. optimize 7. cause agglutination (accumulate, precipitate) 9. neutralization of toxins |
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antigens
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foreign particles recognized by antibodies of B cells
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helper T cell
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CD4+ T cell
assist B cell to differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells |
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plasma cells
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synthesize free antibodies
release free antibodies into blood |
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primary response
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1st time immune system is exposed to antigen
requires 20 days to reach full potential |
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secondary immune response
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faster more potent response because of memory B cells during reinfection
requires 5 days to reach full potential |
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Cell-mediate immunity
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involves T lymphocytes which mature in thymus
T cells have T cell receptor, similar to antibody on B cells |
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helper T cells
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assist in activating B cells as well as killer and suppressor T cells
cells attacked by HIV |
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memory T cells
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similar function to memory B cells
prime immune system for secondary immune response |
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suppressor T cells
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play negative feedback role in immune system
keep immune system from over reacting |
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killer T cells
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bind to Ag-carrying cell and kill them
do not phagocytize cells responsible for fighting cancers and attacking transplanted tissue |
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blood types
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identified by A and B surface antigens
if RBC has A antigen, body does not make A antibodies type O: neither A nor B surface antigens, makes both A and B antibodies (universal donor) type AB: both A and B surface antigens, makes neither A nor B antibodies (universal recipient) genes that produce A and B antigen are co-dominant, therefore individual may be heterozygous or homozygous type O blood: 2 recessive alleles |
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Rh factors
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surface proteins on RBC first identified in Rhesus monkeys
Rh-negative: nonfunctional Rh products Rh-positive: functional Rh products problems for mother and fetus, mother after previous pregnancy might reject fetus because of antibodies again Rh factors (requires blood replacement of fetus) |