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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Filtration occurs in the ____
reabsorbtion and secretion mostly in the ____ the loop of henle concentrates solute in the ____ the distal tubule empties into the ____ the ____ concentrates the urine |
renal cropuscle
proximal tubule medulla collecting duct collecting duct |
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ADH
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ADH is "always digging holes" in the collecting duct.
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2 kidneys
Each kidney is a fist sized organ made up of an outer ____ and an inner ____. Urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the ____. The ____ is empties by the ____, which carries urine to the ____. The ____ is drained by the ____. |
cortex
medulla renal pelvis renal pelvis ureter bladder bladder urethra |
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kidney "big picture"
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the function of the kidney is homeostasis
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The function of the ____ is to increase the solute concentration, and thus the osmotic pressure, of the medulla.
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loop of henle
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prothrombin and fibrinogen are two important ____. Albumin is the major ____ protein in the blood.
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clotting factors
osmoregulatory |
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for the Mcat, ____=efficient long term energy storage, lots of calories (energy) w/ little weight
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fat
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Virtually all dietary protein is completely broken down to its ____ before being absorbed into the blood.
Any protein not broken down completely may cause allergic rxns. When you think ____, think nitrogen. |
amino acids
proteins |
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protein = ___ kCal/gram
fat = carbs = |
4
9 4 |
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Nearly all ___ is converted to urea by the liver and then excreted in the urine by the kidney.
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Ammonia
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The formation of glycogen is called ____.
When the blood glucose level decreases, _____ takes place in the liver & glucose is returned to the blood. |
glycogenesis
glycogenolysis |
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Large Intestine (parts)
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Ascending colon
Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon |
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small intestine (parts)
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Duodenum
Jejunum Ileum |
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Chyme is moved through the intestines by ____.
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peristalsis
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emulsify
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break up into small particles w/o changing it chemically
-------------------------------------- Bile emulsifies fat |
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Bile is produced in the ____ & stored in the _____.
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Liver
gall bladder |
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Liver functions
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BBCDEFPV
Blood storage Blood filtration Carb metabolism Detoxification Erythrocyte destruction Fat metabolism Protein metabolism Vitamin storage |
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____ digests fat, specifically triglycerides.
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Lipase
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The major functions of the large intestine are ____ & _____.
The LI also contains the bacteria e.coli, that produces the vitamins. |
water absorption
electrolyte absorption K,B12,thiamin & riboflavin |
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large intestine question on the Mcat
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!think water reabsorption
diarrhea often results when there is a problem w/ the large intestine mutualistic symbiosis between humans and bacteria in the large intestine - bacteria get leftover - we get certain vitamins |
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bile ____ the ____ of fat, but it does not ____ the fat
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increases
surface digest |
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The ____ is where the action is in digestion and absorption.
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small intestine
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The semifluid ____ is squeezed out of the stomach and into the ____.
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chyme
duodenum |
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pancreatic amylase
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hydrolyzes polysaccharides to disaccharides and trisaccharides and much more powerful than salivary amylase
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____ and ____ degrade proteins into small polypeptides.
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trypsin and chymotrypsin
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The fluid inside the duodenum has a ph of ____ due mainly to ____ secreted by the ____.
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6
bicarbonate ion pancreas |
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on the apical (lumen side) surface of the cells of each villus are much smaller finger-like projections called ____.
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microvilli
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The wall of the small intestine is similar to the wall of the stomach except that the outermost layer contains fingerlike projections called ____.
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villi
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The ____ increase the surface area of the intestinal wall allowing for greater digestion and absorption.
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villi
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____ secrete gastrin into the interstitium. The gastrin, a large peptide hormone, is absorbed into the blood and stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCL.
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G cells
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Under a light microscope the microvilli appear as a fuzzy covering. This fuzzy covering is called the ____.
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brush border
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mucous cells
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secrete mucous.
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____ lubricates the stomach wall and protects the epithelial lining from the acidic environment of the stomach.
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mucus
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no _____ occurs in the stomach.
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absorption
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chyme
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semifluid mass of food
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____ wave-like motion of smooth muscle that moves food through the digestive tract.
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peristalsis
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no digestion in the ___
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esophogus
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alpha-amylase
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contained in saliva
begins breakdown of starches into polysaccharides |
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Digestive tract anatomy
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Mouth
Esophogus Stomach Small Intestine (DJI) Large Intestine (ATDS) Rectum Anus |
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____ are also found in the exocrine glands of the stomach. ____ secrete hydrochloric acid (HCL) which diffuses to the lumen.
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Parietal cells
Parietal cells |
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SI
Some of the epithelial cells are ____ that secrete mucus to lubricate the intestine and help protect the brush border from mechanical and chemical damage. |
goblet cells
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The descending loop of henle is ____ to water and the ascending loop of henle is ____ to water and actively transports sodium into the kidney.
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permeable
impermeable |
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Within each villus are a capillary network and a lymph vessel called a ____.
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lacteal
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The ___ ___ monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule.
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juxtaglomerular apparatus
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major enzymes released by the pancreas
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trypsin
chymotrypsin pancreatic amylase lipase ribonuclease deoxyribonuclease |
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The functional unit of the kidney is the ____. Blood flows into the first capillary bed of the nephron called the ____.
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nephron
glomerulus |
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Function of the kidney is:
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1. to excrete waste products, such as urea, uric acid, ammonia and phosphate
2. to maintain homeostasis of the body fluid volume and solute composition 3. to help control plasma pH |
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(4) major cell types in the stomach
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1. mucous cells
2. chief (peptic) cells 3. parietal (oxyntic) cells 4. G cells |
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Globulins are a group of ____ that include____
Antibodies are made by ___ cells. |
proteins
antibodies plasma |
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albumin
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a "fat carrier"
a single albumin molecule typically carries 3 fatty acid molecules, but is capable of caryring up to 30. |
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____ ____ forces some plasma through ____ of the glomerular endothelium and into bowman's capsule.
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Hydrostatic pressure
fenestrations |
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Together, ____ ____ and the glomerulus make up the _____.
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Bowman's capsule
renal corpuscle |
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The ____ carries the filtrate into the highly osmotic medulla.
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collecting duct
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Filtrate moves from bowmans capsule to the ____. The ____ is where most ____ takes place.
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proximal tubule
proximal tubule reabsorption |
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The amount of filtrate is related to the hydrostatic pressure of the ____.
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glomerulus
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____ are found deep in the exocrine glands. They secrete pepsinogen, the zymogen precursor to pepsin. Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin by the low pH in the stomach, Once activated, pepsin begins protein digestion.
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chief cells
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The ____ reabsorbs NA+,CA2+, while secreting K+,H+ & HCO3-
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distal tubule
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