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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
nuclear envelope
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double phospholipid bilayer
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nucleolus
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area in nucleus where rRNA transcribed, subunits of ribosomes constructed
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exo/endocytosis
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membrane surrounds and takes in matter inside vesicles. Types include phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
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covered with ribosomes, translated proteins injected into ER lumen... proceed to Golgi.
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Golgi apparatus
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Recieves proteins from ER in vesicles, organizes and concentrates proteins, based on their signal sequence.
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lysosomes
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Originate in Golgi, vesicles filled with enzymes that break down macromolecules. "Recycle"
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secretory vesicles
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protein filled vesicles from Golgi that are ejected from cell... ejected via exocytosis, so help build membrane.
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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hydrolizes glucose 6-phospate to glucose, produces triglycerides->fat droplets, &steroids. Oxidizes & detoxes foreign substances, incl toxins pollutants etc.
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Adipocytes
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cells containing mainly fat droplets, used for energy storage and temperature regulation.
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peroxisomes
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vesicles associated with smooth ER. Self-replicating. Produce and breakdown hydrogen peroxide, regulate oxygen, lipid synthesis etc. Not necessary for most cells.
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microtubules
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Larger than microfilaments. Made from tubulin polymer.
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microfilament
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Smaller than microtubules. Made from polymerized actin. Produce contracting force in muscle, also make cytoplastmic streaming in amoebas.
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Eukaryotic flagella and cilia composition
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"axoneme", 9 pairs of microtubules around two lone pairs of MTs, 9+2. Dynein bridges connect pairs. Cilia whip, flagella wiggle.
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prokaryotic flagella
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thin strand of protein flagellin. Motion is rotatation.
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mitotic spindle is made from...?
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microtubules
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tight junctions
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water tight seal around cell, fluid barrier. Restrict membrane protein motion. Helps keep material inside organs by forming epithelial layer.
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desmosomes
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cell spot weld, joining two cells at a single point. Do not prevent fluid flow, found in tissue under physical stress.
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gap junctions
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tunnels connecting cells, let small molecules move between cells.
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endosymbiont theory
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theory that mitochondrea were bacteria that became incorporated into eukaryotes.
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Parts of mitochondria
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Outer membrane, intermembrane space, crista, inner membrane, mitochondrial matrix.
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extracellular matrix
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secreted by cell, surrounds cell. Examples are bone, blood, etc.
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four different tissue types
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epithelial, muscle, connective, nervous. (Ex. skin, muscle, blood, neurons)
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Neuronal communication
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Nervous System, rapid direct and specific.
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Hormonal communication
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Endocrine system, slower spread throughout body, affects many cells and tissues in diff ways.
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Paracine System
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Local mediators released into interstitial acting on nearby cells.
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neuron anatomy and process
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dendrites receive signal. axon hillock is disrupted, generates action potential. action potential travels down axon to synapse. synapse passes to another cell.
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resting potential
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potential established by Na+/K+ pump, expels 3Na+ and lets 2K+ in. Makes interior of membrane negative.
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action potential
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disturbance in membrane potential, away from resting potential.
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voltage gated sodium channels, and voltage gated potassium channels.
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change in voltage opens channel, allows sodium or potassium through. Sodium channels faster than potassium.
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Steps in action potential.
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1. Membrane at rest, Na+, K+ channels closed.
2. Sodium channels open, depolarize cell. 3. Potassium channels open as Sodium channels start to inactivate. 4. Sodium channels inactivated, potassium opened repolarize. 5. Potassium closes, membrane equilibrates. |
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all-or-nothing
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Complete depolarization. Threshold stimulus exceeded, but always same size potential.
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electrical synapse
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Neuron interface, composed of gap junctions to transfer signal. Very fast but rare.
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neurotransmitter
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chemical synapse messenger. Must be removed from synaptic cleft or will re-trigger neuron. Acetylcholine is an example of neurotransmitter.
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second messenger system
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exterior signal activates molecule inside a cell, which causes some change to occur... ex. activating gene transcription.
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chemical synapse
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Interface between neurons. Unidirectional, releases chemicals into synaptic cleft, receptors on other neuron receieve and create new signal. Slowest point of nervous signal transfer.
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nodes of Ranvier
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gaps between myelin
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myelin
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electrically insulating sheats produced by Schwann cells. Exists in white matter, not in grey matter. Only in vertebrates.
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Neuron Types
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Sensory - recieves signals from receptor cell exposed to environment
Interneurons - neuron to neuron transfer Motor - carry signals to muscle or gland (effecor). Sensory neurons dorsally located on spine, motor neurons ventral. |
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central nervous system (CNS)
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brain and spinal cord, integrates signals between sensory and motor neurons.
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peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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connects CNS to peripheral parts of body. Divided into somatic and autonomic nervous systems (ANS).
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somatic nervous system
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response to external env. innervates skeletal muscle, voluntary. Uses acetylcholine.
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autonomic nervous system
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recieves signals from organs. conducts signals to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands. Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic. (Fight or flight, rest and digest).
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specific neurotransmitters
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acetylcholine - somatic and parasympathetic NS
epinephrine, norepinephrine (adrenaline, noradrenaline) - sympathetic NS |
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lower brain parts and function
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medulla, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum. Subconscious activities, salivation, emotions, reactions to pain/pleasure, balance.
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higher brain
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cerebrum or cerebral cortex, - memories and thought processes
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sensory receptors
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transduce physical stimulus to neural signals.
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cornea
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lights hits first, is bent.
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lens
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spherical, except that ciliary muscle stretches it thin. This changes focal length.
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retina
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images projected onto... consists of rods and cones, rods for light intensity, cones for frequency.
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iris
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color part around pupil, pupil dialated by sympathetic NS, contrafcted by parasympathetic.
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parts of middle ear
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tympanic membrane
3 bones - malleus, incus, stapes transfers wave to inner ear. |
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parts of inner ear
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cochlea, sound wave moves through.
haircells in organ of corti transduce into neural signals. Semicircular canals also present.. for balance. |