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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cell Cycle and Mitosis
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PMAT
Prophase = Prepare (condense chromatin into chromosomes, break down nuclear membrane, assemble mitotic spindle, centriole pairs move toward opposite poles of the cell) Metaphase = Middle (Chromosomes line up in the middle) Anaphase = Apart (Sister chromatids pulled apart to opposite sides of cell) Telophase = Prophase in reverse. de-condense chromosomes, re-form nuclear membrane, break down mitotic spindle. |
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DNA Replication
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DNA replicates 5' to 3'
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Cellular Respiration
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Net gain per glucose.
Glycolysis: 2 ATP, 2 NADH PDC: 2 pyruvate > 2 acteylCoA + 2 NADH Krebs: 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 GTP each NADH > 2.5 ATP each FADH2 > 1.5 ATP overall theoretical: 32 ATP actual: 36 ATP |
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Electron Transport Chain
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oxides NADH to NAD+, intermembrane increases in [H+] = low pH, this drives ATP synthase
Oxygen is final e- acceptor, gets reduces to H2O |
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Fat Metabolism: Beta Oxidation
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occurs in mitochondria matrix. Acetyl-CoA goes to Krebs cycle
Ester hydrolysis occurs in cytosol More energy per gram than any other food. |
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Oxidation
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attachment of Oxygen or increase bonds to Oxygen.
Remove H's, loose e- OIL RIG LEO GIR |
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Reduction
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Remove Oxygen or decrease bonds to Oxygen.
Add H's, gain e- |
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Prokaryote Polymerases
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3 types of DNApol
DNApol III: fast 5'-3' replication, 3'-5' exonuclease (proof reading) DNApol II: unknown DNApol I: slower, 5'-3' exonuclease to remove primer single RNApol for transcription |
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Eukaryote Polymerases
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single DNApol
RNApol I: rRNA RNApol II: mRNA RNApol III: tRNA |
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lac Operon (prokaryotes regulation of transcription)
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Absence of lactose: repressor binds to operator, preventing production of catabolic enzymes wich would break down lactose for energy
Presence of lactose: lactose binds to repressor, pulling it off operator thereby allowing transcription and production of catabolic enzymes |
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Tryp Operon
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opposite to lac operon.
in presence of excess tryptophan, enzyme transcription is prevented |
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Prokaryotes
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no membrane bond organelles
has nucleoid which has no membrane. 1 ds circular DNA translation occurs before transcription is complete |
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Gram-negative
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Stains red.
thicker, outer layer |
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Fungus
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mushrooms: multi-celled
yeast: uni-cellular chitin in cell wall asexual or sexual |
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Telomeres
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In Eukaryotes
extended portions of DNA. each replication cycle part of the end is lost. Involved in aging. |
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Simple Diffusion (passive transport)
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easily pass thru membrane e.g. steroid
or glucose in RBC. don't need help from protein channels |
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Facilitated Diffusion (passive transport)
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Integral membrane protein channels: very selective e.g. voltage or ligand-gated
Carriers: uniport, symport, anti-port |
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Primary Active Transport (active = against gradient)
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coupled to ATP hydrolysis e.g. NaK ATPase.
3Na+ out, 2K+ in (since life evolved from ocean Na+Cl- is high outside the cell) |
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Secondary Active Transport
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indirectly coupled to ATP.
e.g. ATPase pump is used to create Na+ gradient, then glucose is pumped against its gradient |
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Signal Transduction
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converts chemical into cellular response.
ligand binds to receptor....then can create cascade of events |
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G-protein coupled receptor
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e.g. epinephrine binds to receptor, GDP > GTP, alpha subunit releases, adenyl cyclase > cAMP (second messenger)
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Meiosis I
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Prophase I: longest step, homologous chromosomes (2n) pair up (XX), recombination occurs
Metaphase I: tetrads align in middle Anaphase I: homologs separate, X on each side Telophase I: considered haploid (n) still have replicated sister chromatids (46 total copies) |
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Meiosis II
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movement of chromosomes as in Mitosis.
end up with 4 gametes (n) |
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Non-disjunction
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homologous chromosomes fail to separate in Meiosis I (2 cells, 1 w/ 4 copies, other with Zero)
or sister chromatids fail to separate in Meiosis II |
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Hardy-Weinberg
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p + q = 1
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 |
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Human Taxonomy
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Dear King Philip Came Over For Green Soup
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Eukarya, Animalia, Chordata, Vertebrata, Mammalia, Primates, Hominidae |
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Sympathetic (Autonomic PNS)
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increase heart rate, increase BP
increase blood to muscles, decrease to digestion Pupil Dilation increase glucose by breaking down glycogen |
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Myopia (nearsightedness)
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too much curve in lense or long eye-ball, focal length is shorter
corrected with divergent lense |
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Hyperopia (farsightedness)
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lens is too flat or short eye-ball, focal length goes passed eye-ball.
corrected with converging lens |
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Ear
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Malleus, Incus, Stapes
Cochlea: detects sound Semi-circular canal: detects orientation and movement |
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Vagus Nerve
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decreases HR
increase GI activity - parasympathetic |
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Chirality of amino acids and sugars
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amino acids: L
sugars: D |
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Glucose anomers
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alpha: OH group is opposite of methyl
beta: OH group is on same side as methyl humans can only metabolize alpha. cellulose has beta linkages. |
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amphipathic
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e.g. phospholipid
hydrophilic (polar) on one side and hyrdophobic (non-polar) on the other side |
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Michaelis constant
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Km = 1/2Vmax
enzyme saturation kinetics |
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zymogen
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inactive form of enzyme.
once cleaved, become irreversibly activated. |
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substrate level phosphorylation
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formation of ATP from ADP and Pi using energy from highly favorable rxn
occurs in cytoplasm - glycolysiss also in mitochondra - Krebs cycle |
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Fermentation
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recycles NADH to NAD+
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transposons
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section of DNA that can excise itself from chromosome and reinsert itself
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Crossing over > Genetic Recombination
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homologous chromosomes form tetrad, after (if) they cross over its called a chiasma
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Viral Life Cycles
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lytic: virus takes over cell, reproduces inside cell than eventually causes the cell to lyse (burst)...*virulent virus*
lysogenic: virus incorporates its genes into hosts. (HIV, reverse transcribes RNA to DNA then incorporates into cell) *temperate virus* becomes dormant or latent called provirus/prophage/lysogen. Becomes virulent after stress e.g. herpes simplex virus |
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+ strand RNA
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unenveloped RNA. + means proteins can be directly translated from RNA.
e.g. common cold, HIV |
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- strand RNA
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must be transcribed to +RNA before translation can occur.
e.g. measles, rabies, flu |
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Bacteriophage
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virus targeted to bacteria
capsid/head, tail, tail fiber |
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3 major shapes of bacteria
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cocci: round
bacilli: rod spirilla/spirochetes: spiral |
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Bacteria Nutrition
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troph = eat
Carbon auto: CO2 hetero: organic e.g. glucose Energy chemo: chemical photo: light |
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Tonicity
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measure of osmotic pressure (water) and defined by the SOLUTION. solutes can't cross the membrane
hypertonic: solution has higher conc. of solutes, therefore water goes down conc. gradient, cell shrivels isotonic: iso = same hypotonic: lower conc. of solutes in solution, therefore water goes into cell, cell bursts |
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vertical sagittal plane
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divides body cavity into right and left portions
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Eukaryotic organelles
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rER: (r = ribosomes) translate proteins that will be exported, pushed into ER lumen
Golgi: receive proteins from rER lumen to process them, glycosylate etc. lysosomes: come from golgi, hydrolyze endocytic stuff, can rupture to cause autolysis sER: synthesize and store fats |
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Microtubules
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(contain tubulin) larger than microfilaments. e.g. flagella, cilia, spindle apparatus
cilia: fallopian tubes, respiratory tract MTOC (microtubule organizing center), centrosome, centriole |
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Microfilaments
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(contain actin) squeeze membrane in phagocytosis and cytokinesis
contraction in microvilli, muscle |
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Flagella and cilia
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9 + 2 microtubules in eukaryotes
axoneme is the major portion dynein connects microtubules |
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Cellular Junctions
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tight junctions: watertight fluid barrier, e.g. kidney, intestines, bladder....waste materials can't escape into the body
desmosome: attach two cells at single point, e.g. skin gap junction: small tunnels connecting cells, e.g. cardiac muscle....spread action potential from cell to cell |
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Hypothalamus hormones
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Releasing hormones for the pituitary
PACTOGG PRH = Prolactin Releasing Hormone. ADH = Antidiuretic Hormone = Vasopressin, increase water reabsorption in kidney = conserve water, increase blood pressure. CRF = Corticotropin Releasing Factor. TRH = Thyroid Releasing Hormone. Oxytocin = stimulates uterine contractions during labor, also milk secretion during suckling. GnRH = Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone, stimulates pituitary to release FSH and LH. GHRH = Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone. Posterior Pituitary: Oxytocin, ADH |
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Pituitary hormones
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FLAT PiG
FSH = Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Stimulate ovary follicles to mature, testis to produce sperm. LH = Luteinizing Hormone, LH surge triggers ovulation, stimulates testis to produce testosterone. ACTH = AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone, Stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. TSH = Thyroid Stimulation Hormone = Stimulate thyroid to release thyroid hormones. PRL = Prolactin, Stimulates breast to produce milk. GH = Growth Hormone, Stimulates growth of muscle, bone, burns fat. |
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Endocrine Gland products:
Adrenals Pancreas Thyroid Gonads |
Adrenals: steroids, glucocorticoid - cortisol. mineral corticoid - aldosterone.
(tyrosine derivatives - catecholamines -- epi and norepinephrine) Pancreas: insulin, glucagon Thyroid: (tyrosine derivatives) T3, T4, parathyroid Gonads: testosterone, estrogen, progesterone |
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oxidative phosphorylation
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process in ETC that produces ATP, oxidizes NADH
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