Mcat Biochemistry Chapter 4

Front 1

triose

Back 1

three-carbon sugar

Front 2

tetrose

Back 2

four-carbon sugar

Front 3

aldose

Back 3

sugars with aldehydes as their most oxidized group (most important)

Front 4

ketose

Back 4

sugars with ketones as their most oxidized group (most important)

Front 5

D-sugars

Back 5

sugars with highest numbered chiral carbon with -OH group on the RIGHT in a fischer projection

Front 6

L-sugars

Back 6

sugars with highest numbered chiral carbon with -OH group on the LEFT in a fischer projection

Front 7

diastereomers

Back 7

nonsuperimposable configurations of molecules with similar connectivity

differ at at least one, but not all, chiral carbons

Front 8

epimers

Back 8

subtype of diastereomers, differ at exactly one chiral carbon

Front 9

anomers

Back 9

subtype of epimers that differ at the anomeric carbon

Front 10

anomeric carbon

Back 10

new chiral center formed in a ring closure (the carbon containing the carbonyl in the straight-chain form)

Front 11

alpha-anomers

Back 11

have -OH on anomeric carbon trans to the free CH2OH group (opposite sides of the ring)

Front 12

beta-anomers

Back 12

have the -OH group on the anomeric carbon cis to the free -CH2OH group (same side of the ring)

Front 13

mutarotation

Back 13

cyclic compounds shift from one anomeric form to another with the straight-chain form as an intermediate

Front 14

main reactions of monosaccharides

Back 14

oxidation-reduction, esterification, glycoside formation

Front 15

aldoses can be oxidized to _____, reduced to _____

Back 15

aldonic acids; alditols

Front 16

deoxy sugars

Back 16

sugars with -H replacing -OH

Front 17

cellulose

Back 17

main structural component for plant cell walls, main source of fiber in human diet

Front 18

starches

Back 18

amylose, amylopectin, function as main energy storage form for plants

Front 19

glycogen

Back 19

functions as main energy storage form for animals